1、1. Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centerin
2、g on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle， Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Wa
3、ldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden.2. .Symbolism 象征主义：It is the writing technique of using symbols. Its a literary movement that arose in France in the last half of the 19th century and that greatly influenced many English writer, par
4、ticularly poets, of the 20th century. It enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word. Its one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.3. American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwins evolutionary theory p
5、layed an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in america. Naturalism attempted
6、 to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious“truth”were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. T
7、he dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.3. The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when
8、civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingways presence that“you are all a lost generation.”4. Local colorismAs a trend became dominant in
9、American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性),
10、as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本.国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor. The major local colorist is Mark Twain. 5. Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term“Jazz Age“ retroactiv
11、ely to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called “the gaudiest spree in history“. Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white“flappers“ and socialites immortalized in Fitzgeralds fiction.6.Free
12、verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman
13、s poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century. 7.The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose k
14、nows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.1. Poes Poetic IdeasA. His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize
15、 and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty.B. He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense.C. Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concern itself on
16、ly with “supernal beauty”.D. Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition giving unexampled emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.2 Whitmans style1) The sprawling lines of the poems are often extremely long. 2) Parallelism: the parallel
17、 lines say the same thing but use different words. 3) Envelope structure: the first line begins with the subject, and then more and more lines list modifiers till the verb appears in the last line of the stanza. This is like enclosing a whole list of ideas in an envelope.4) Catalogue technique: mean
18、s listing. Typical poems by Whitman make long, long lists of images, of sights, sounds, smells, taste, and touch. 5) No regular pattern. 6) The verse unit is usually an independent clause.3 Formal features of Dickinsons poetryA. Dicksons poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and
19、 joys. Dickinson was original. She sounded idiosyncratic, sometimes.B. Love is another subject Dickinson dwells on.C. Many poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed. Dickinson sees nature as both gaily bene
20、volent and cruel. D. Dickinsons poetry is unique and unconventional in its own way. Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.E. On the ethical level Dickinson emphasizes free will and human responsibility.All these characteristics of her poetry were to become popular th
21、rough Stephen Crane with the Imagists such as Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell in the 20th century. She became, with Stephen Crane, the precursor of the Imagist moverment.4 The theme and techniques in Eliots “The Waste Land“Theme：The theme is modern spiritual barrenness, the despair and depression that fol
22、lowed the WWI, the sterility and turbulence of the modern world, and the decline and break-down of western culture. It also shows the search for regeneration by people living in a chaotic world.Technique： The poems noticeable characteristics are varied length and rhythm to harmonize with the changin
23、g subject matter, the unrhymed lines, lots of borrowings from some thirty-five different writers, the employment of materials such as the legends of the Holy Grail, Frazers anthropological work The Golden Bough several popular songs, and passages in six foreign languages, including Sanskrit. The poe
24、m, therefore, is obscure and hard to understand, needless to say its absence of logical continuity. The poem The Wast Land by T. S. Eliot, nevertheless, is broadly acknowledged as one of the most recognizable landmarks of modernism.5 Analysis of “Richard Cory“ by Edwin Arlington Robinson“Richard Cor
25、y“ is a short dramatic poem about a man whose outward appearance belies his inner turmoil. The tragedy in the poem reflects in its spirit the tragedies in Edwin Arlington Robinsons own life: Both of his brothers died young, his family suffered financial failures, and Robinson himself endured hardshi
26、p before his poetry gained recognitionthanks in part to praise from an influential reader of them, Theodore Roosevelt. Robinson published the poem himself in 1897 as part of a poetry collection called Children of the Night. The poem is a favorite of students and teachers because of the questions it
27、poses about the the title character. 6 Comment on“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening“ by Robert FrostA. It is a peaceful poem and makes man feel relaxed when we read the lines: “The only other sounds the sweep of easy wind and downy flake.“ Frost also uses alliteration and repetition in his poems.
28、 The rhyme scheme he uses is a-a-b-a. B. It is one of the most quietly moving of Frosts lyrics. On the surface, it seems to be simple, descriptive verses, records of close observation, graphic and homely pictures. C. It uses the simplest terms and commonest words. But it is deeply meditative, adding
29、 far-reaching meanings to the homely music. It uses its superb craftsmanship to come to a climax of responsibility: the promises to be kept, the obligation to be fulfilled. Few poems have said so much in so little.7. Theme and technique in The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald1. Themes of The Great Gatsby:
30、 It resents the decline of the American dream in1920s, the hollowness of the upper class and the falseness of ideals and moves toward disillusion.2. Now Gatsbys life follow a clear pattern: there is, at first, a dream, then disenchantment, and finally a sense of failure and despair. Gatsbys personal
31、 experience approximates the whole of the American experience up to the first few decades of the 20th century.3. The novel is the presentation of the 1920s, and of what has become known as American Dream.8. Comment on Hemingways style and Farewell to Arms“1. Hemingway was a glamorous public hero of
32、sorts whose style of writing and living was probably more imitated than any other writers in human memory.2. In one sense Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme, which is neatly summed up in the famous phrase, “grace under pressure”, and created one hero who acts that theme out.3. In the same
33、way that Fitzgeralds Tales of the Jazz Age becomes a symbol for an age, Hemingways book paints the image of a whole generation, the Lost Generation.4. Lieutenant Henry in A Farewell to Arms stands the Hemingway hero, an average man of decidedly masculine taste sensitive and intelligent, a man of act
34、ion; and with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotion under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one cannot have happiness.5. Hemingways world is a world essentially chaotic and meaningless, in which man fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even
35、 understand.6. The war dominates so that the love story represents a mere dream and the brutal and atrocious realities of life do not allow materializing it.9. Analyze “Dry September“ by William Faulkner“Dry September” was written in 1931, and is a well-known story of Faulkner. This story touches up
36、on the strange relationship between sex and violence, examines the psychological state of the main characters, and exposes the crime of racial discrimination which makes one bristle with anger. The tone of this story contributes much to its effectiveness, particularly to the imagery of infernal heat and dryness and to the setting itself. From the character Miss Minnie the reader could perceive the obvious impact of Freuds ideas on William Faulkner.
