1、1美国文学史复习（colonialism)第一部分 殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan wan
2、t to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing Gods wi
3、ll and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton William begins the history of relig
4、ious toleration in America.5、William 的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church
5、 system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor.学习指南：1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘Like their brothers back in England,
6、 were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the “purity“ of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended t
7、o the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they b
8、rought with them into the wildness. There they meant to prove that were Gods chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet
9、 usually short 简单; plots are exceedingly clever and interesting，humor abounds 情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the end is always surprising 结尾意外; contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions 使用大量的俚语和口语.代表作：“The Four Million”四百万 小说集 、“The Gift of the Magi”麦琪的礼物 单部小说 6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯 novelist 小说家；Litera
10、ture theoretician 文学理论家，从小受欧洲教育心理现实主义的开创者：the founder of psychological realism. The literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which crit
11、ics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.特点：(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理，用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩(2)1st person and 3rd person narration，第一和第三人称的叙述9(3)omn
12、iscient 全视角是不真实的;家庭背景：father: philosopher 哲学家,富有；brother: psychologist, philosopher 心理学家,哲学家；创作原则：The art of Fiction 小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the meaning of life;贡献 contribution：in his critical commentaries, he made major contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform the novel f
13、rom its alliance with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突，进行深刻剖析的文学形式；对人们心理感受
14、进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这位感受的最高形式。代表作：“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“ in the Portrait of a Lady”(早期最好的作品)Last full-length novel =“The Wings of the Dove”、 “The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl ”The name of the heroine “in the Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel Acher. The novel is representative of the best of James m
15、ature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the Jamesian
16、theme of the American in conflict with European culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a womans soul presented with masterly psychological finesse. 7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦代表作：“The People of the Abyss”、“The Call of the Wild”、“The Sea Wolf”、“Martin Eden”(autob
17、iographical novel 自传体小说)while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel. 8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞代表作：“Sister Carrie”嘉莉妹妹 the first novel, which traces the ma
18、terial rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W. Hurstwood.“The Financier”、“ The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲“An American Tragedy” 美国悲剧，The identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreisers greatest and most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说，表达了金钱万能的主题。美国文学史复习 5（
19、the 20th century）一、Background: World War I 第一次世界大战，America have great profit. Jump in technology (automobile / radio) 科技方面的跳跃 （汽车/收音机） old moral code breaks 旧道德体系破碎 1、Imagism 意象派 ：is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imagist P
20、oets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and concentration. 2、Lost Generation：迷惘的一代，Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a c
21、ivilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.103
22、、Modernism 现代主义：is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary. Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the chronological one. 4、现代主义的标志：T. S. Eliots “T
23、he Waste Land ”, the most significant American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive thought. 5、典型的迷惘一代：F. Scott Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比 novelErnest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”太阳照样升起 “A Farwell to Arms”告别
24、了，武器William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 喧嚣与骚动 6、Playwrights 戏剧、剧作家： Eugene ONeill “The Emperor Jones”琼斯国王、“Anna Christie”安娜.克里斯蒂、“The Hairy Ape”毛猿 7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代)： when New Orleans musicians moved “up the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New Yorks Harlem pulsed with the music that ha
25、d become a symbol of the times. Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures. 二、代表作家：1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 诗人Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative i
26、nstrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表现手法的早期诗人。major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos” 2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特 自然主义诗人 poet诗歌特点和内容：(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural
27、 New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties, and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationalit
28、y in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.he become a national bard 美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer Prizes 获得了四次普利兹奖.“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”向往大自然，想逃避社会；死亡、迷惑 3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯 诗人His work is
29、primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order,” that is ,true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品动机起源于秩序理念，他的秩序就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。代表作：“The Man with t
30、he Blue Guitar”带蓝吉他的人；“Necessary Angel”必要的天使，collection of his occasional lectures on poetry 诗歌的评论.“Anecdote of the Jar”坛子的轶事jar man made art, wildness nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序， integrated 统一体特点：(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of
31、 Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。11(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the rea
32、l became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实) 4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特 现代主义代言人多重身份：poet 诗人, critic 评论家, playwright
33、 剧作家代表作：“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems，holds its place in the development of Eliots poetry as a whole.“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔传统和个人天才, the earliest statement of his aesthetics 第一次阐释了自己的审美观点 . provided a useful instrument for modern criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。“The Wast
34、e Land”荒原one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form the orchestration of related themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果。“Four Quartets”四个四重奏 poem“Murder in the Cathedral”，poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama( 戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧作品特点：(1) concerns vari
35、ous aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软弱沮丧的弱点，正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。(2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself, whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the
36、 artists imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西，诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关，也与诗歌相一致。(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect, feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliots criterion for judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准。 5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.
37、司各特.菲茨杰拉德 novelist 小说家作品：“This Side of Paradise”人间天堂，the first novel.“The Great Gatsby” 了不起的盖茨比 novel“Tender Is the Night” 夜色温柔 novel第二本小说的开展过程：dream 梦想 Daisy self-centered 理想化的淑女，自我为中心 disenchantment, disillusion 魔法消失，(因阶级差异)梦想破灭 sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望Ash 灰(象征) forest 树木，西部开发，树木变
38、成灰了limited point of view 有限视角 suspense 悬念 + mystery 神秘真实性reliable 可信的，不偏，不评价 6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特 .海明威 novelist 小说家写作特点：(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学
39、的发展，认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。12(2) His primary concern was an individuals “moment of truth,” and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with stories of war.主题强调换个体“真理的瞬时性” ，痴迷于描写肉体情感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。(3) ma
40、ns greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure 作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure 最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人.代表作：“The Sun Also Rises” Hemingway became the spokesman for “a lost generation”“A Farewell to Arms”、“For Whom the Bell Tolls”、“The Old Man and the Sea” 7、John Steinbec
41、k 约翰.斯坦贝克the foremost novelist of the American Depression.美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家。代表作：“Of Mice and Men”人鼠之间 portrayed the tragic friendship between two migrant workers“The Grapes of Wrath”愤怒的葡萄 regarded as masterpiece 视为杰作。8、William Faulkner 威廉.福克纳作品的主题：the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart
42、 in conflict with itself”人类心灵与自己冲突是宇宙永恒的主题。作品：“The Sound and the Fury”喧嚣与骚动成名作、“Absalom, Absalom!”、“Go Down, Moses”narrative method 叙述方法:1 、stream of consciousness 意识流2、multiple point of view, narrator 多角度，多个叙述者American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritan
43、s were originally members of a division of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the
44、 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil W
45、ar brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. It expresses the concern for common place and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experi
46、ence. Realist literature finds the drama and the tension beneath the ordinary surface of life. A realist writer is more objective than subjective, more descriptive than symbolic. Realists looked for truth in everyday truths. Representative writers are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain and Henry James
47、.Naturalism The practice of describing precisely the actual circumstances of human life in literature.Its a more deliberate kind of realism in novels, stories, and plays, usually involving a view of human being as passive victims of natural forces and environment. Naturalists reported truthfully and
48、 objectively, got great amounts of data from actual life. They painted life as it was.They wrote about the helplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world and his lack of dignity.They are concerned with the less elegant aspects of life. Its typical settings are the slum, the sweatshop, the f
49、actory and the farm. They represented the life of the lower class truthfully 13and broke into such forbidden regions as violence, sex and death.Imagism: The 1920s saw a vigorous literary activity in America. In poetry there appeared a strong reaction against Victorian poetry.The emphasis was now on the economy of expression and on the use of a dominant image. The movement which had these as its aims is known in literary history as Imagism. Its prime mover was Ezra Pound, a
