1、第六章 汉语常见句型翻译第一节 汉语主动语态和被动语态的翻译所谓语态，是指“表示动词和与其相联的名词短语之间的关系。两句话的语态可以不同，而基本意义相同。然而二者强调的重点可能不一样。 ”（理查兹等郎曼语言学词典1993：355）在翻译中，语态的选择受强调重点、语篇、语气、目的语的约束机制的制约。一、汉语主动语态翻译成英语被动语态汉语多主动语态，英语多用被动语态。所以，除了译为主动句以外，汉语的主动句在很多情况下要转译成英语的被动句。概括起来，主要有以下几种情况：(一) 强调受事，突出被动状态1) “财神爷” 这个词，不是我的用语，是农民的发明。(邓小平文选第三卷)That term, the
2、 “gods of wealth”, was invented not by me but by the peasants.2) 我国各族人民每年都要热烈庆祝十月一日的国庆节。National Day is enthusiastically celebrated on Oct.1 by the Chinese people of all nationalities every year.3)中美已经建立了外交关系。Diplomatic relations have been established between China and the United States of America.(
3、二) 使句子结构匀称，加强上下文的连贯性1) 他出现在台上，观众给予热烈鼓掌。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.2) 口试时，问了十个问题，她全都答对了。She was asked ten questions in the oral exam and answered every one of them correctly.(三) 不知道或无须说出施事者1) 这种书是给儿童写的。Such books are written for children.2) 这本书已经翻译成中文了。This book
4、 has already been translated into Chinese.(四) 为了使措辞得当，语气委婉英语常常为了表示礼貌，不说出施事者，特别是施事者为第一人称时。因而往往使用被动语态。汉译英时也往往将汉语的主动语态翻译成英语的被动语态，多见于讲话、通知、请帖等。1)请你给我们表演一个节目。You are requested to give a performance.2)今天晚上七点钟开教学会，全体教师务必参加。There will be a Teaching Symposium at 7:00 p.m. today. All the faculty is expected t
5、o attend. (五) 某些汉语句子可借助于英语的一些固定搭配或词组来表达。1)他坚持不懈地从事着科研工作。He was engaged in scientific researches perseveringly.2)有经验者不易上圈套。An old bird is not to be caught with chaff.3)他天生适合做水手。 He is cut out for a sailor.(六) 汉语中某些习惯用语或泛指主语的主动句的翻译一般用英语形式主语格式翻译：it + be + past-participle +that 。1)可以有把握地说，会议会如期召开的。It ma
6、y be safely said that the meeting will be held on schedule.2)大家都认为这样做不妥当。It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.3)有人给你打电话。 You are wanted on the telephone.4)据谣传，那场事故是由于玩忽职守而造成的。It is rumored that the accident was due to negligence.5)人们(有人，大家)认为 it is considered (or thought) that6)普
7、遍(一般，通常)认为 it is generally(usually)accepted (or agreed, recognized) that。7)有人(人们，大家)相信it is believed that。8)据说(闻、推测、估计/预计、报道) 。It is said(learned; supposed; estimated, predicted, calculated; reported) that9)必须(应该) 承认 (指出)It must (should) be admitted (pointed) out that10)可见/可以看出(由此可见)It will be seen
8、(from this) that11)不用说/ 谁都知道 It is understood that12)无/ 不可否认 It cannot be denied that13)已经证明 It had been proved (or demonstrated) that14)可以肯定 It may be confirmed that15)可以有把握地说It may be safely said that16)人们有时会问 It is sometimes asked that17)人们希望 it is expected (hoped) that二、汉语被动语态的翻译(一) 被动语态的概念在汉语里，
9、由于动词没有语态(voice)，所以被动语态并不像英语那样一定有明确的形式标志。只要主语代表动作的受事，句子就可以叫被动语态。所以，被动语态也可以叫受事主语句。(二) 汉语被动语态的分类汉语被动语态根据是否有标记，可以分为：有标记被动语态和无标记被动语态。有标记被动语态又可以分为五种格式：1.受事+被(叫/让/给)+施事+动词2.受事+被(给)+ 动词3.受事+被(叫/让/为)+施事+所+动词4.受事+被(叫/让)+施事+给+动词5.受事 1 + 被(叫/给/ 让/为) + (施事) + 动词 + 受事 2从以上五种格式看，除了第二种没有引进施事以外，其余都引进了施事，虽然略有不同，但都可以译
10、为英语的被动语态。汉语被动句翻译总原则是：确定英语的动词，根据所确定的英语动词的构句原则来翻译。(三) 有标记被动语态的翻译1.受事+被(叫/让/给)+施事+动词他的鞋子被尖利的石头咬破了，被海水浸湿了。His shoes have been gnawed open by sharp stone, and soaked by the seawater.2.受事+被(给)+ 动词1)门好像被推开了。The door seemed to be opened by someone. 2)他的辫子给剪掉了。His braid (pigtail) was forced to be cut. / He h
11、ad to have his pigtail cut. 3.受事+被(叫/让/为)+施事+所+动词1)我们确信，一切困难将被全国人民的英勇奋斗所战胜。We are certain that all difficulties will be overcome by the heroic people of the whole country.We are certain that the heroic people of the whole country will overcome any difficulty.2)我深深地被他的话所感动，心理激动不已。I was deeply touched
12、 and inspired by his words (what he said).3)新官上任，必为众目所瞩。Peoples close attention (eyes) must be paid to the newly appointed official.The new appointed official will surely arouse peoples general concern.新官上任三把火。A new official applies strict measures; a new broom sweeps clean.4.受事+被(叫/让)+施事+给+动词1)过桥时我
13、的帽子叫风给吹跑了。My cap was blown off by the wind while I was crossing the bridge.2)地上的水让太阳给晒干了。The water on the ground dried in the sun.晒棉被 dry a quilt in the sun/ air a quilt晒衣服 dry clothes in the sun / air clothes晒谷子 dry grain in the sun(使爆晒 Insolate)晒太阳 sunbathe, bask in the sun, enjoy the sunshine除了以上
14、四种形式外，还有一种格式：5.受事 1+被(叫、给、让)+(施事)+动词+受事 2。这种被动句的翻译要仔细分析，受事 1 与受事 2 之间的语义关系，才能确定英语中用哪里一个受事作英语被动句的主语。汉语受事 1 与受事 2 之间的语义有如下几种：1) 受事 1 与受事 2 之间是领属关系 ：到底如何翻译取决于在英语中所选用的动词的特点。领属有所属关系、整体与部分的关系、总数与分数的关系。试比较：1)他被敌人打死了爸爸。(他和爸爸是所属关系，两个受事合并在一起翻译。)His father was killed by the enemy.2)他被敌人打 (刺)伤了腿。(两个受事是整体与部分的关系,
15、人的受事作主语)He was wounded by the enemys shot (with a sword) in the leg.He was shot in the leg by the enemy.3)三只小猪被抓走了两只。(两个受事是总数与分数的关系)Two of the three pigs were snatched away.英语中有些动词要接两个动作的承受者；一个是人；一个是人的身体部位。人作动作的直接承受者，直接放在动词之后，身体部位作动词的间接承受者，用介词加以连接。在变成被动语态时，只能是直接承受者即人，作被动句的主语。具体句式如下：主动句：Agent + Verb
16、+Receiver as a man + Prep. + Part of body.被动句:Receiver as a man+Be+Past-participle+ Prep.+ Part of body.如：hit sb 介词+身体部位He hit her on the head with a bottle.Slash sb 介词+身体部位Slash sb on the back 用鞭子抽打某人的背。因此，受事 1 与受事 2 的领属关系，要根据情况来翻译。2) 受事 2 表示句中动词的结果1)他被打得失去了知觉。He was beaten senseless.2) 不一会儿，他就被剃了一
17、个大光头。Very soon, he has had his head fully shaven.3) 受事 2 表示接受事物对象，相当于主动句中的间接宾语。1)那本书叫我送给别人了。I have given that book to others./ That book has been given to others.2)连八岁的妹妹都被卖给了人家。Even my eight-year-old sister was already sold.4)受事 2 表示动作所借以进行的材料工具。1)墙壁被刷上了一层深蓝色。The wall was painted dark blue.2) 灌木丛上覆
18、盖一层雪。The bush was varnished with snow.可见，如果宾语是具体的物质名词，翻译时多半可以用 with 来连接宾语。5.受事 2 与动词组成一个整体，形成一个惯用语。1)她已经结了婚，丈夫被抓了壮丁。She was already married, but soon his husband was pressganged into the KMTs army.2)脚肚子一软，植物学者竟像被点了穴，迈不动步了。Suddenly his leg felt weak, the botanist could not step forward as if his vita
19、l points were touched.(四) 无标记被动语态的翻译在英语中，主语是动作的发出者还是动作的承受者，往往是用动词的拼写形式或组合形式来表示的，其基本结构为： Subject + BE+PASTPARTICIPLE。 需要说明的是，英语的被动语态并非英语语言一开始就是这样的。在语言发展的初期，任何民族的语言，一个动词既具有主动意义又具有被动意义。英语也不例外。也就是说，英语中也可以用主动形式表被动意义。不过，在英语中，这种既可表主动又可表被动的动词在日趋减少。多属那些及物动词变为不及物动词使用，用动作来表示性质、状态时，动词才用主动表示被动。汉语动词由于没有“时”和“态”的变化
20、形式，因此，在表示主语和动词的语义关系时只能凭借人的意会，在不产生歧义的情况下，一般不用有标记的被动语态。同时，即使是有标记的被动语态也是带有很强的情感色彩在里面。因此，翻译时，既要注意是否符合英语的习惯，又要注意译成被动语态后，上下文语义是否连贯，衔接是否自然，同时还要注意汉语有标记被动语态的情感色彩。汉语语义被动语态有三种形式：(1)主动形式的被动句(2)主语 +挨( 遭、受 )+宾语(3)话题 +主语+ 动词 (其中的“话题”是“动词”的受事，见主谓谓语句的翻译)1 汉语语义被动语态译成英语的语义被动语态1) 他的科学论文读起来象小说。His scientific papers read
21、 like novels.2)西瓜尝起来很香甜。Watermelons taste sweet.2汉语的语义被动语态翻译成英语有标记被动语态。1) 他的脸晒黑了。His face was tanned.2)教学大楼提前建成了。The class building has been completed ahead of schedule.3. 汉语中“主语+挨( 遭)+宾语”结构搭配及其翻译挨：1)他挨了骂不算，还挨了一顿打。On top of a tongue-lashing, he got a beating as well.2)侵略军一进入山地，就处处挨打。Once they got in
22、to the mountainous area, the invaders took a beating wherever they went.遭遭到严重破坏 be seriously damaged (by)遭人白眼 be treated with disdain1)你遭她骗了。You have been taken in by him.2)这个工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.受四面受敌 be attacked on all sides受罚 be punished1)这种新产品很受市场
23、欢迎。This new product has been well received in the market.This new product sells well in the market.2)这次霜冻，冻死不少的庄稼。A lot of crops were damaged by the frost.(五) 汉语被动语态的语义色彩的翻译汉语的被动句多数情况下含有不如意，不愉快的含义；这种不如意，不愉快主要是针对主语而言的，有时是针对说话人而言的。而英语之所以使用被动句的理由有以下几条：1)着重被动的动作；2)突出动作的承受者(人或事物 )的重要性；3)不知道或无须说出动作的执行者；4)
24、便利上下文的连贯、衔接。因此，英语被动句没有汉语被动句所含有的色彩意义。汉语被动句的色彩语义翻译时只能融入英语动词之中或整个句子中。因此，在汉译英时，要特注意汉语被动句的色彩意义的翻译。1)陶医生，我们被发配到山西哪儿? 你知道吗?Doctor Tao, it was said that we would be sent into exile, do you know wherever we would be banished?2)昨晚一阵大风，教室的玻璃被打碎了两块。It blew in gust last night and two pieces of window glass were
25、unexpectedly broken.汉语有标记被动语态表示的这种“不如意” 、 “不愉快”的色彩意义，只有 “被”字和“受”字逐渐地在淡化，也就是说， “被” “受”也可以表示“如意” 、 “愉快”的含义。如3)一批优秀的高中级知识分子被吸收入党。A group of higher or middle rank intellectuals have been admitted into the Party.第二节 无主句的翻译一、无主句的概念分不出主语和谓语的单句称为无主句。无主句又分为：动词性无主句、形容词无主句、 名词性无主句和叹词句。动词性无主句通常用来说明自然现象、生活情况、祈望、
26、有的是口号。 形容词无主句通常是用形容词或形容词短语形成，通常用于对话中，表示对某个事情，观点，表示自己是赞成还是不赞成、发表感叹等等。名词性无主句通常是由一个名词或名词性偏正短语形成，用于剧本说明时间、地点，或者表示赞叹；表示突然发现的事物，表示称呼，呼唤。叹词句由叹词形成，主要用于发表感叹。二、无主句的翻译无主句的翻译，主要是动词性无主句的翻译比较难一点。(一) 动宾结构的无主句可以翻译成被动语态。1)没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成。Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.2)没有爱心，就无法了
27、解人生。Life cannot be understood without much charity.3)用科学的方法来分析，才能更好地解决问题。Only by using scientific approach to analyze problems, can we solve the problems in a better way.Only being scientifically analyzed, can the problems be solved in a better way. (二) 翻译成英语的存在句(There + be + NP 结构)汉语中的格言、谚语、哲理、经验往往
28、用无主句来表达，以表示它们所表达意义具有广泛性、客观性。因此，可以用英语的 “there + be +NP ” ,“it + be + to ” 来翻译。1)活到老，学到老。One is never too old to learn.2)没有改革开放，就没有今天的经济发展。Without reform and opening to the outside world, there would be no economic development of today.(三) 翻译成英语的祈使句1)宁为鸡首，不为牛后。Better be the head of an ass than the tai
29、l of a horse.2)量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.(四 )翻译成英语的形式主语句1)百闻不如一见。It is better to see once than to hear a hundred times. Seeing for oneself is better than hearing from others.)2)十年树木，百年树人。It takes ten years to grow trees, but a hundred to rear people.(五)
30、 翻译时增添适当的主语1)只许州官放火，不准 (许) 百姓点灯。The magistrates are free to burn down the houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps.One may steal a horse, while another may not look over the hedge.2) 4)不经一事，不长一智。You cant gain knowledge without practice.Wisdom comes from experience.第三节 存现句的翻译
31、一、概念表示什么地方存在、出现或消失什么人或事物的句式叫存现句。根据表达功能和语法特点。存现句虽然也是一种动词谓语句，但它的作用不在于叙述，而在描写。二、汉语存现句的英译存现句翻译的总原则是：分析存现句中 “动词”和“名词(短语)” 之间的语义关系。如果是 “有”字存在句和 “是”字存现句，则可以运用英语表存现的“there be”结构；如果“是”字句类中的 “是” 带有很强的判断性，则可以倒装句形式，具体如下： “介词短语+be +名词短语” ，与汉语句式相同。如果是 “行为动词+名词短语类” ，则要分析存现句中 “动词”和“名词(短语)” 之间的语义关系，即 “动作 +施事”的关系呢还是“
32、动作+ 受事” 的关系。如果是“动作+施事”的关系，则可以翻译成主动句(主语用汉语存现句中动词后的名词短语来充当) ，翻译成主动句可以用正常语序也可用倒装语序，到底用哪一种，取决于上下文的衔接。如果是“动作+受事”的关系，则翻译成被动形式(主语用汉语存现句中的名词短语充当)。分述如下：1. 类型 1 存现句的翻译，多采用英语“there be”结构。1)姥姥家门口有一棵老槐树。There is an old Chinese scholar-tree in front of my grandmas gate.In front of my grandmas gate (there) stands
33、an old Chinese scholar-tree.2. 类型 2 存现句，可以用英语 “there be”句型的变体结构即： “P.P. + Be +NP”1)桥下面是那条日夜奔流的扬子江。Under the bridge is the Yangtse River, which surges eastward day and night.2)村子周围是一片肥田沃野。Around the village are the fertile fields.The village is surrounded by the fertile fields.3. 类型 3 存现句，有以下两种方法翻译A:
34、 “动作 +施事”的翻译: 翻译成主动句。可以用正常语序，也可以用倒装语序，视上下文而定。(1) 床上躺着一个人。A man is sleeping on the bed.(2)在游廊的最左端，靠近一道门，却坐有一位将近三十岁的男子。(茅盾子夜)Close by a door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty.B：“动作+受事”的翻译：翻译成被动句。可以用正常语序，也可以用倒装语序，视上下文而定。 1)黑板上写着五个字： “向雷锋学习” 。Written on the blackboard were fiv
35、e words (characters):Llearn From Comrade Lei feng.2)地下埋藏着大量的金、银、铜、铅和锌。Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc.3)从警察背后突然跳出一个黑麻子来，怒声喝打。(茅盾林家铺子)A swarthy pock-marked man jumped out from behind the policemen and howled for them to attack.4. 类型 4 存现句的翻译：名词( 短语)1 +名词( 短语)2 NP
36、1+ NP2 NP1+ NP2 结构的作用既不在于叙述，也不在于判断，而是表示一种描写。它主要出现在文学作品的描写段落中。因此，在翻译时，要特别注意，句子描写的是什么样的形象，要作整体把握，要特别注意选择动词，因为动词决定了句型的选择。翻译时还要注意 “言、象、意、情”四者结合。1)远处山谷里一片青青的森林。In the distance, the valley is coated with the thick green forest.2)屋外一片月光。Outside the house, the moon sheds lights.3)脸上一团孩子气。He wears the childi
37、sh countenance.4)河边绿柳垂杨。Willow tendrils hangs low over the bank of a stream.5)窗外一片绿色的春天。Spring is very much in the air outside the window.Outside the window, spring is very much in the air. 三、译文赏析：1)大娘听到这话，苍白瘦削而且满是细碎皱纹的脸上，忽然闪过一丝喜悦的光辉，仿佛昏黑的天空中猛然打过的闪电。这是一个人消逝了的幸福一瞬间又在心上闪过的征兆；也是一个母亲长久埋藏在心底的爱情的再现。大娘脸上这种
38、喜悦的只是一闪就消逝了，接着却是深深的悲哀- 绝望的悲哀使得她的声音颤抖起来。( 杨沫青春之歌)The thin, wrinkled face lit up with joy for a second. A fleeting symbol of lost happiness, the glimmer of a love long hidden in a mothers heart flashed across her face. It was rapidly replaced by a mood of hopeless grief and despair, which made her old
39、 voice tremble. (Tr. By Yang xianyi it flowed with a quiet contentment. A steam-launch pushed its leisurely way through the smooth waters of the river with an occasional majestic hoot. Its deck was ablaze with a galaxy of red and green lights which vied in the cool stillness of the night with the st
40、ars shimmering overhead. It was evidently a pleasure-boat.5)杨庄是个荒凉的沿海小村，周围沙丘，青翠的树木是很少的。但是当她走着走着，沿海滩走出了几里路之后，情况就渐渐变了：葱郁的树林，鲜艳的结着累累苹果、李子的果树，一簇簇整齐地出现在山巅、在低洼的小峡谷里。1 合欢树上飘着清香的娇羞的花朵，2 就在这些美丽的绿树中间葳蕤地到处盛开。极目望去，3 在这些绿树鲜花中间还迤逦地出现了一幢幢各式各样精美的小洋楼。4 那些白色的、黄色的、绿色的、蓝色的或者红色的楼顶，在大海旁边的树丛中间猛一出现时，真使她惊奇极了。过去，她除了见过北平的灰尘滚滚
41、的街道，就是跟徐凤英到古北口外收租时见过那险峻的山峦和穷僻的乡村。5 而今，在阳光下面，在这魅人的大海旁边闪着光彩夺目的美丽的别墅，她可从不会想到过会这样的美。Yangchuang was a desolate seaside village, with little vegetation except for sparse grass on the sand dunes. But when she had walked a few li along the beach, she noticed a change. There were now green plantations, rows
42、of fruit-laden apple and plum trees which covered the hillsides and valleys. (1)The mimosa bushes were a mass of delicate, fragrant flowers. (2)Between these verdant trees and fresh blossoms, (3) and partly hidden by them, were groups of foreign-style houses and bungalows. (4)(5) Their bright multi-
43、coloured roofs rising sharply between the trees close to the sea were a thrilling sight to Tao-ching, accustomed to the dusty streets of Peiping or the rugged mountains and poverty-stricken villages near Kupeikou where she used to go with her stepmother to collect rents. In the brilliant sunshine of
44、 this enchanting coast, the splendid villas which flashed into view were lovelier than anything she had imagined.6)这明明是一间富有人家的书房兼客房。1 明亮的大玻璃窗挂着丝质的湖色窗帘；琳琅满目的图书，整齐地排列在一排排的玻璃书柜里；2 屋子当中有一张小圆桌，桌子上面有一个古磁花瓶-3 花瓶里还查着鲜艳的步步高花，4 花瓶周围则摆着好几瓶好酒-茅台、大曲、白兰地，等等。还有那些大大小小的丝绒沙发，5 雪白墙壁上挂着的各色字画，也都那么耀眼地闪现在他眼前。这一切，不仅使他惊奇。(同
45、 2)It was obviously the study-cum-siting-room of a wealthy family. (1) Pale green silk curtains hung at the large windows; books filled the glass-door bookcase lining the wall. (2), (3)An antique porcelain vase, with immortelles in it, stood on a table in the centre of the room, (4) surrounded by bo
46、ttles of choice wines and spirits-Maotai, white wine and brandy. (5) Tai Yu was particularly struck by the number of comfortable sofas and armchairs, and the scrolls of calligraphy and painting on the white walls. The whole place baffled and amazed him.7)篱笆上挂满了丝瓜，豆荚。(同 2)Gourds and beans were traine
47、d over the trellis. (描绘：形象具体) 比较Over the trellis hung gourds and beans. (写实：无形象性)第四节 “得”字句的翻译一、 “得”字句的概念得字句是由“得”字放在动词前或者“得”附在动词或形容词后面构成的句子。动词前的 “得”主要表示必须的含义。放在动词或形容词后面的 “得”可以表示：1.表示能力或可能性的 “得”字句；2.表示结果或程度的 “得” 字句 3.表示必须。根据 “得”的含义， “得”字句的翻译现分述如下：二、 “得”字句的翻译(一) 表示 “必须”的 “得”字句的翻译：肯定句翻译成 “must(should, h
48、ave to) + verb”;否定句( “不得”) 翻译成 “mustnt + verb”或用正反翻译法。1)这事放松不得。This matter must be paid close attention.2)天要下雨了，我得走了。Its going to rain, and I must (have to) be off now.(二) 表示 “能力” 或 “可能性” 的 “得”字句，可以利用下列结构来翻译1. 翻译成英语的情态动词 “can (could)”或“to be able to Verb”1)他看得出两者的区别。He was able to see the difference
49、 between the two.2)这个礼堂坐得下 1500 人吗?Can this auditorium hold 1500 people?2. 翻译成英语带后缀“-able”, “-ible”的形容词。例如：1)这种蘑菇吃得。Such mushroom is edible.2)远处地平线上，还隐隐约约看得见一艘船。In the distance, a ship is barely visible on the horizon.3. 翻译成英语带 “to be capable of” 结构。例如：1)那个恶棍什么事情都干得出来。That scoundrel is capable of anything.2)杀人越货这种事，他都干得出来。He was capable of robbing and killing.(三) 表示结果或程度的 “得”字句的翻译。英语中表示结果或程度的方式很多，因此，汉语中表示结果或程度的 “得”字句可以用英语的表示程度或结果的方式来翻译。具体如下：1. 用 “so that” 来翻译。如：1)听到这好消息，他们高兴得载歌载舞。At this good news, they were so glad
