1、Text A: National Oil Companies: Oils Dark SecretText B: The Future of OPECText C: The Era of Oil Abundance,Unit 4,PETROLEUM COMPANY AND ORGANIZATION,Section 2 text learning (A),Text Organization,Part1 （Para.1）：Part2 （Para.2-7）：Part3 （Para. 8-13）,Introduction to NOCs: definition, advantages and probl
2、ems.,Problems in the national oil company.,In spite of the problems and failures in NOCs, some factors can help.,Section 2 text learning (A),Information Analysis,Part 1 (Para. 1) : Introduction to NOCs: definition, advantages and problems.,1. What is national oil company?,National oil company (NOC)
3、is partially or wholly state-owned firms through which governments retain the profits from oil production. (Para. 1),2. What are the similarities of most state-owned firms?,They are prone to over-staffing, underinvestment, political interference and corruption. (Para. 1),Section 2 text learning (A),
4、Information Analysis,Part 2 (2-7): Problems in the national oil company.,3. Why is it said that PDVSA provides a cautionary tale of how bad they can be? (Para. 3&11),President Hugo Chvez has forced most foreign oil firms in Venezuela to go into partnership with its national champion. It is now runni
5、ng the resulting joint venturespresumably no better than it runs its original fields. (Para. 3),Mr Chvez dictates the laying of pipelines of PDVSA and customers. (Para. 11),Section 2 text learning (A),Information Analysis,4. Why will oil production be more concentrated in the hands of the national f
6、irms of Russia and the Persian Gulf?Persian Gulf in the future? (Para. 4),- decrease of oil production in the open areas- largely out of bounds to multinationals- not yet thoroughly raked over,Information Analysis,Section 2 text learning (A),5. There are some reasons for the failure of nationalizati
7、on. What are they? （Para. 5-7）,- excessive government intervention (over-staffed, instruments of foreign policy, frequently nationalized)（Para. 5）,- a lack of openness (of enough data to a theory, a full picture of oil ) (Para. 6),- underinvestment (politically palatable to reduce drilling programs
8、and seismic surveys) (Para. 7),Information Analysis,Section 2 text learning (A),Part 3 (Para. 8-13): In spite of the problems failures in NOCS, some factors can help.,6. What leads to the inefficiency and corruption of NOCs?,There are no enough strong institutions to regulate them or to manage the m
9、oney they generate. (Para. 8),Information Analysis,Section 2 text learning (A),7. What strategies can be helpful for the nationalization?,- (Saudi Arabian) gradual and friendly takeover helps to preserve institutional memory and an efficient corporate culture. Otherwise (Para. 10),- Clear strategic
10、guidance goes hand-in-hand with operational autonomy at the best NOCs. (Para. 11),- Competition also helps. (Pare. 12),- Abundant oil does not seem to be prerequisite to success for a NOC, but seems to do most state-run firms more harm than good. (Para. 13),Section 2 text learning (A),Theme Discussi
11、on,How do you understand “Abundant, inalienable oil, on the other hand, seems to do most state-run firms more harm than good”(Para. 13)?,2. China has several NOCs, such as PetroChina, Sinopec. Do you have some suggestions on their development?,Section 2 text learning (A),Theme Discussion,How do you
12、understand “Abundant, inalienable oil, on the other hand, seems to do most state-run firms more harm than good” (Para. 13)?,Some countries waste money from oil on authority of the state. Without the effective control of the countries over NOCs, many problems will appear, such as inefficiency and cor
13、ruption. In some areas, private-owned oil companies perform better. So nationalization of oil company is not always a good way to develop oil industry.,Section 2 text learning (A),Theme Discussion,2. China has several NOCs, such as PetroChina, Sinopec， and CNOOC. Do you have some suggestions on thei
14、r development?,Chinese NOCs have similar problems to other countries, eg., over-staffing, political interference and corruption. Some experiences from other countrys NOCs deserve Chinese NOCs study (regulated by the country). Permit the foreign investment on Chinese oil industry. Proper competition
15、forces NOCs to keep costs down and methods up to date. The presence of multinationals also helps to develop a countrys pool of skilled labor and to disseminate（transmit） new technology and ideas.,Section 2 text learning (A),Because these national champions control as much as 90% of the worlds oil an
16、d gas, they can do far more than the likes of Exxon to assuage the current worries about supply and influence the accompanying record prices. they are prone to over-staffing, underinvestment, political interference and corruption. (Para. 1),由于这些国有巨头们控制了世界上大约90的石油和天然气，因此它们能比埃克森之类（大）公司更易于缓和目前对石油供应的担心，
17、并影响相对应的股价。但是和大多数国有公司一样，它们也都可能有各种弊端：人员过剩，投资不足，政治干涉以及腐败。,be prone to sth.: to have a tendency to be affected by it or to do it 有倾向，易于 Cf. be liable to; be apt to,Language Points,Section 2 text learning (A),Language Points,它现在经营了许多合资公司大概并不会比它原先经营的油田好到哪儿去。,2) It is now running the resulting joint ventur
18、es presumably no better than it runs its original fields. (Para. 3）,3) New oil is most likely to be found in the NOCs territory, precisely because it is largely out of bounds to multinationals such as and so has not yet been thoroughly raked over. (Para. 4),由于远离像埃克森美孚公司和英国石油公司这样的跨国公司，新的油田最有可能在国有石油公司
19、的领土上被发现，因为这些地方还没有被完全开发。,4) Saudi Aramco has not released enough data to quash a theory that its oil reserves are not nearly as large as it contends, and that its output may have peaked. (Para. 6),Section 2 text learning (A),Language Points,有一种理论认为沙特国家石油公司（译注：也叫沙特阿美，全称Arabian-American Oil Company）的实际
20、石油储备量并没有其声称的那样多，而且它的产量已经达到了顶峰，但是沙特石油公司未能提供足够的数据来反驳这理论。,Section 2 text learning (A),Language Points,5) Any government that relies on oil in general, and a state-run oil firm in particular, and seismic survey than civil servants salaries and hospital budgets. (Para. 7)6) So NOCs sprang up before their
21、 countries had institutions strong enough to regulate them, or to manage the money they generate a recipe for inefficiency and corruption. (Para. 8),任何总体上依赖石油，特别是依赖一个国有石油公司获得大部分收入的政府，在石油价格下跌的时候都会倾向于缩减投资，因为相对于削减公务员的薪水和医院预算来说，大量减少钻探项目和地质调查在政治上更易于接受。,因此，国有公司得以快速发展，国家却没有足够强大的机构来约束它们或者来管理它们所创造的财富，而这正是造成低
22、效和腐败的成分。,Section 2 text learning (A),Language Points,7) By contrast, Sonatrach took over foreign oil firms assets in Algeria much more abruptly and acrimoniously, following a long and bitterly fought war of independence. (Para. 10)8) The Saudi government, for example, lets Aramco set its own prices,
23、 unlike Kuwaits, which hands them down to KPC from on high. (Para. 11),相比之下，阿尔及利亚国家石油公司Sonatrach则以一种更加生硬刻薄的方式接管了外国石油公司的财产，接下来又陷入了漫长而残酷的独立战争。,例如，沙特政府就允许阿美石油公司自行设定石油价格，而不像科威特政府那样将定价下达给KPC。,Section 2 text learning (A),Language Points,9) Critically, Aramco is able to retain a portion of its earnings for
24、 maintenance and expansion, rather than subsisting on an allocation from the national budget, as Irans state-run oil firm did until recently. (Para. 11)10) The presence of multinationals also helps to develop a countrys pool of skilled labour and, when they operate in joint ventures, to disseminate
25、new technology and ideas. (Para. 12),更重要的是，沙特阿美能够保留一部分收入用于公司的日常运作和发展，而不是依靠国家预算的划拨来维持生存，而直到不久以前，这一直是伊朗国家石油公司赖以生存的方式。,跨国公司的出现也帮助培养了一大批技术熟练的劳动力，并且当他们在合资企业中工作时也传播了新技术和新观念。,Text B 1.At the same time, increased production outside OPEC is dwarfed by the ambitious expansion plans put forward by OPEC members
26、 Iraq and Iran. While production outside the cartel is manageable, together with Iraq and Irans plans it could represent a significant threat to oil prices in the latter half of the decade. (Para. 3)be dwarfed by : be outnumbered by1.与此同时，非OPEC地区也在陆续增产，但随着欧佩克成员国伊拉克和伊朗雄心勃勃地提出增产计划，前者的产量便相形见绌了。目前，OPEC以
27、外的石油产量还是可控的，但随着伊拉克和伊朗的增产，石油价格在接下来的五年内可能会面临严峻的挑战。,Should Iran and Iraq together boost production to a reasonably achievable level of 11 million barrels per day by 2020, which would represent an increase of 5 million to 6 million barrels per day above present levels. OPECs production quotas have alrea
28、dy been a source of tension among its members, but producers have always found ways to skirt around them. That may no longer be possible. While Irans domestic consumption will increase significantly, the potential export increases are still too high for Saudi Arabia to offset. (Para. 5)A is a source
29、 of B: A is responsible for B/ B is attributable to ASkirt around sth: try to avert from or avoid doing sth. Offset: to compensate the loss of sth. 2. 如果伊朗和伊拉克同时增产，到2020，石油产量有望达到日均1100万桶，相 比现在每天增产近500万到600万桶。欧佩克的生产配额制一直是成员国之间关系紧张的根源，也总是被各成员国想方设法地绕过，这种情况在以后可能不会再发生。虽然伊朗的国内石油消费将大幅提升，但对沙特而言，伊朗潜在的出口增量依然过
30、高，对其造成的出口损失难以弥补.,3. Saudi Arabia may ask Iran and Iraq to voluntarily limit export growth, but without other incentives there is no reason to believe they would do so when it is in their short-term economic interest to boost exports as much as possible.(Para. 5)Incentive: measures encouraging sb. to
31、 do sth. There is no reason to believe that : It is implausible to be convinced that /No reason leads to ones convince that /It stands little probability that ./ The belief goes without any feasibility that3.由此一来，沙特可能会要求伊朗和伊拉克主动减少其石油出口，但事实上，由于两伊国内经济缺乏激励政策，只能通过扩大石油出口尽可能获得短期的经济收益，因此沙特的诉求不太可能会实现。,4. Wh
32、ile OPEC historically has been used as a political tool to increase oil prices or place an embargo on exports, as can be seen from the 2008 price spike, OPECs modern challenge is more concerned with keeping oil prices reasonably low, not artificially raising them or embargoing oil. (Para. 9)artifici
33、ally : done on purpose 4. 尽管欧佩克历来被用作抬高油价或禁运石油出口的政治工具这点从2008年油价飙升就可见一斑，该组织现在面临的挑战则是关于保持石油合理的低价，而不是人为抬高油价或者禁运石油。,5. In order to preserve its long-term health, OPEC will need to preserve relatively low oil prices, both to ensure that developing markets in Asia can afford to keep buying the oil and to p
34、revent alternatives such as shale oil, electric cars or natural gas-to-liquids technology from becoming more economically feasible.(Para. 9)preserve ：maintain or keep sth. stable or at a certain standard; alternatives: substitutes for oil economically feasible: as economically as possible5.为了使OPEC长期
35、稳健发展，油价需要维持在一个相对较低的水平，这既能满足亚洲市场的购买力，同时由于油价走低，像页岩油这样的新兴能源、电动汽车以及天然气液化技术，也不太容易变得经济适用。,Section 3 Exercises,LanguageOral PresentationTranslationEssay Writing,Section 3 Exercises,Task 1 Glossary Match c 2. d 3. g 4. a 5. h 6. b 7. e 8. fTask 2 Words or Expressions 1. are prone to 6. potential 2. reserve
36、7. incentive 3. feasible 8. presumably 4. abundance 9. dictate 5. diversification 10 undermine,Language,Section 3 Exercises,Task 1 Questions and Answers Answer the following questions according to the information from Text A, B or C. Question 1. Paragraph 11 & 12 of text A Question 2. Paragraph 5 of
37、 text B Question 3. Paragraph 2-5 of text B Question 4. Paragraph 7 of text C Question 5. Paragraphs 2-11 of text C,Oral Presentation,Section 3 Exercises,Oral Presentation,Task 3 Critical Thinking Enhancement The benefits of all that cheap crude oil still havent shown up at the one place it matters
38、most: the gas station. Simple economics suggests that higher supplies and lower demand should translate into cheaper prices. But abundant oil hasnt cut gasoline prices. There are many reasons. For example, regulatory and transportation systems that grew out of those old assumptions have become incre
39、asingly outdated, preventing the forces of supply and demand from working efficiently. To bring gasoline prices way down requires improvements in the pipeline, barge, and truck network. Yet even with improvements in oil-field logistics, drivers will be competing for gasoline with their counterparts
40、elsewhere in the world.,Section 3 Exercises,Translation,1. 任何以石油为经济支柱的政府，尤其那些经济收入依赖国有石油公司的政府，在石油价格下跌的时候，都会倾向于缩减投资；因为相对于公务员的薪水和医院预算来说，大幅削减钻探项目和地质调查在政治上更容易让人接受。(Text A, Para. 7),2. 尽管欧佩克历来被当作抬高油价或禁运石油出口的政治工具这点从2008年油价飙升就可见一斑，但是该组织现在面临的挑战是关于如何石油合理的低价，而不是人为抬高油价或者禁运石油。(Text B, Para. 9),Task 1 Translate t
41、he following sentences into Chinese.,Section 3 Exercises,3.与其担心那些坏脾气的石油大国，不如做好准备迎接新的地缘政治格局：原先蒸蒸日上的（国家）可能会走下坡路，而那些从前在众人心中毫无地位的国家也许会成为全球的重要玩家。(Text C, Para. 2),4. 对于美国来说，这真是天大的好事。花旗集团的埃德莫尔斯欣喜若狂地说：“美国不会再向暴君们或封建君主们卑躬屈膝了，他们的石油供应已不再是外交政策的筹码。”这个说法可能有一点儿盲目乐观，不过我们对此也有个大致了解。(Text C, Para. 5),5. 和石化能源公司相比，绿色能源
42、公司的发展障碍本身就大；当石油、天然气价格下降以后，遇到的阻碍将更增大。不过，仍有一线希望：它们不会就此被市场淘汰，低廉的能源价格会带给消费者新的选择。（Text C, Para. 10）,Translation,Section 3 Exercises,Task 2 Translate the following paragraph into English.The internalization of national oil companies is among the top trends on the global energy front in the 21st century. I
43、t occupies available energy of western international oil companies. Moreover, the competitive landscape shifts: OPEC members are much diminished; globally, new oil-and-gas suppliers, such as U.S. shale oil and gas potential, Canadas oil sands, Venezuelas ultra-heavy oil and Brazils deep-sea oil are
44、emerging. Chinese state-owned oil companies have considerable advantages in funds, certain technologies and services. However, compared with western international oil giants, they still fall behind owing to an insufficiency in global management and supporting research.,Translation,Section 3 Exercise
45、s,Essay Writing,Find out how to write an illustration essay by reading these easy tips:Like any essay, introduce your topic in your first paragraph. Use each keyword that you wrote in your introduction as the main focus of each of your body paragraphs. Pay attention to your descriptions. Avoid being
46、 too vague or too general. Use comparisons that are familiar to your readers. An illustrative essay has a plenty of examples. Make sure your example makes a clear point.,text learning (B),Key Sentences,At the same time, OPEC must deal with plans to expand oil production envisioned both by Iraq and I
47、ran, which could lead to lower prices than the cartel desires. (Para.1) The five countries certainly possessed that power when the cartel was initially formed, dominance has declined over the years. (Para. 2) At the same time, increased production outside PPEC is dwarfed by the ambitious expansion p
48、lans put forward by OPEC members Iraq and Iran. (Para. 3) 4. Although most of the U.S. increase has been offset to reduce production levels at times to maintain prices. (Para. 4),text learning (B),Key Sentences,5. Saudi Arabia may ask Iran and Iraq to voluntarily limit export growth, to boost export
49、s as much as possible. (Para. 5) 6. Historically, Saudi Arabia has argued for increased production from the cartel for moderate production levels and strong prices. (Para. 6) 7. Indeed, China has massive projects with Saudi Arabia, 15 percent of its oil from OPEC member Angola. (Para. 7),text learni
50、ng (B),Key Sentences,8. The impact on long-term prices is less certain, however; supplies in non-OPEC countries as well (Para. 8) 9. While OPEC historically has been used as a political tool not artificially raising them or embargoing oil. (Para. 9) 10. Furthermore, tempered oil prices for consumers in Asia will only reinforce the regions economic growth, contributing to increased demand for OPECs oil. (Para. 9),
