1、Unit 2 Grammar,Ellipsis (省略),Module 8,一、 省略句的定义,省略是为了避免重复、突出新信息并使上下文紧密连接的一种语法修辞手段。省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种十分普遍的现象。,二、 句子成分的省略-why,省略前提：主谓宾，定状表，如有重复可删掉。,省略原则：词语省略后，不致令人费解。,省略类型：1. 心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中)；2. 承前省后型(用于对话、并列句和动词不定式中)；3. 可有可无型(用于宾从中的that、定从中作宾语的whom,which,that和某些状从中);4. 虚拟倒装型(只用于需要倒装的虚拟条件句中)。,三、句
2、子成分的省略情况-how,1.省略主语，主谓语或主谓的一部分 2.省略不定式符号to 3.省略作宾语的不定式短语 4.省略状语从句中的 S+be 5.省略定从、宾从中的引导词 6.省略虚拟语气中的if和should 7.省略名词性从句或从句的部分用not,so,neither,nor “替代”, Beg you pardon., Sounds like a good idea., （ I ）Beg you pardon., ( It ) Sounds like a good idea,1.省略主语、主谓语或主谓的一部分,心照不宣型(用于祈使句和某些现成的简单句中), Are you thirs
3、ty? Yes, I am ., His brother isnt lazy, nor is his sister .,(thirsty).,(lazy)., Lets meet at the same place as yesterday.,(we met),同时省略主、谓语, Have you finished your work ?Not yet.,I have not finished my homework yet.,1.省略主语、主谓语或主谓的一部分,承前省后型(用于对话、并列句和动词不定式中), My brother is a doctor and my sister-in-la
4、w (is) a lawyer.,（省略相同的谓语动词）,(is),1.作使役及感官动词的宾补的不定式须省to,但在被动语态中须将to复原。, I noticed a man to enter the classroom when I passed by., A man was noticed to enter the classroom.,to,X,这类使役动词及感官动词主要有,一“感”:,二“听”:,三“让”:,四“看”:,feel,hear,listen to,have,make,let,watch,notice,observe,see,2.省略不定式符号to,注意半帮助:,notice
5、,help,2）do nothing but do只（做某事)，cant but do(不得不), cant help but do(只能做某事，不得不做)，had better,may well (很可能),may as well(不妨)等固定搭配常接省略to的不定式。 E.g. We didnt do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday.Hearing the news, she couldnt help but cry.,2.省略不定式符号to,3.省略作宾语的不定式短语,省略在want，wish，hope，try，plan，l
6、ike，love，hate等后作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果该宾语是动词be或完成时态，则须在之后加上be或have :,(1) Are you going there?-Yes, Id like to (2) He didnt give me the chance, though he had promised to (3) Are you an engineer? -No, but I want . (4) He hasnt finished the task yet. -Well, he ought .,(go there).,(give me the chance).,to b
7、e,to have,1.在if, unless,when, while,once,though, as 等引导的状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”,(1)When still a boy of 10, he had to workday and night.,(2)She tried her best though ratherpoor in health.,(3)While cycling, dont forget the traffic lights.骑车时，不要忘记看红绿灯。,(you are),(you),(he was),(she was),4.省略状语从
8、句中的 S+be,2.) 英语中有一些固定的省略结构： 在以if, unless,when, while,once,though, as if（好象）等连词引导的从句中，如从句中的主要动词是be ，常将主语it 和动词be 省略。 If necessary, we shall send a telegram home. 如有必要，我们就往家里打电报。 Whenever possible, he will come to my help. 他一有可能就来帮助我。,it is,4.省略状语从句中的 S+be,it is, We all know (that) the earth runs arou
9、nd the sun.,(that),1.)宾语从句中常省略连词that，但当有两个并列的宾语从句时，第二个that则不能省略。, Mary said (that) she is from American and that she is 16 years old.,(that),2.)在定语从句中，that, which, who在从句中作宾语时可省略。, I havent read the book (that/ which) youre reading.,(that/ which),5.省略定从、宾从中的引导词,1.)连词if在虚拟条件句中省略后,从句语序有变化。,(3） , what
10、should we do?, they would certainly have come and help us.,(2) , I would do the work better,Had they had time,If,they had had time,6.省略虚拟语气中的if和should,If,I were you,Were I you,If,there should be a flood,Should there be a flood, He suggest we should set out right away.,(should),2.）在含有表示“一坚持二命令、三建议、四要
11、求等词后的名词性从句中使用“（should） + 动词原形”表示虚拟语气。如：, His suggestion is that we should set out right away.,(should), The order that we should stay where we are is very serious and severe.,(should), Its very important that students should study hard at school.,(should),6.省略虚拟语气中的if和should,7.省略名词性从句或从句的部分用not,so,n
12、either,nor “替代”,省略名词性从句或从句的部分，可用so 或 not代替。常用于此类的动词有believe , think, expect, guess, hope, imagine, suppose, say, tell等以及appear, seem, afraid etc.,.(4) Do you think he will attend the meeting? -I guess not.,(1) Is he coming back tonight? -I think so,(2) She must be busy now? -If so, she cantgo with u
13、s.,(3) Is she feeling better today? -Im afraid not.,1. havent seen you for ages. 2. sounds like a good idea. 3. sorry to hear that. 4. this way, please! 5. joining us for a walk? 6. some more tea? 7. doesnt matter. 8. pity you couldnt come. 9. terrible weather! 10. going to the supermarket?,Exercise
14、,I,It,I am,walk,Would you like,Would you like,It,It is a,What/Such,Are you,exercise,She can swim under water longer thanI can swim under water. 2.They discussed whether they should stay in the house or they should try the open air. 3.They had a meal, they went out for a walkand then they came back t
15、o sleep. 4. Dont bathe if you dont to bathe. 5.I dont visit my parents as much as I ought to visit my parents.,Discovering useful structures,Rewrite these sentences by taking out the unnecessary parts.,The burn that she got from the iron was red and it was very painful.,(_),2. A boy was on the left
16、side of the sick woman, and a girl was on the right side of the sick woman.3. She has a daughter who is in hospital.4. He went to the doctor because he had to go to the doctor .,(_),(_),(_),5. Did she pass the first aid test that she did yesterday or didnt she pass?,or not.,6. She could not decided
17、whether to send him to hospital or not to send him to hospital . 7. When your nose is bleeding, you should bend forward so that the blood runs out of your nose and the blood doesnt run down your throat. 8. Only some of the students have done a first aid course but most of the students havent done a
18、first aid course .,not down your throat.,2.These sentences are correct. However, one or more words have been left out. Can you tell your partner which words are missing ?,1) The temple surrounded by a wall belongs to the local government.,The temple (which is) surrounded by a wall belongs to the loc
19、al government.,2) The first book I read this term wasmore interesting than the second.,The first book (that) I read this term was more interesting than the second(book that I read this term).,3) To her teachers surprise, she didbetter in her first aid exam thanexpected.,To her teachers surprise, she
20、 did better in her first aid exam than (she was) expected (to do).,4) I dont think they have returned from the hospital, but they might have.,I dont think they have returnedfrom the hospital, but they might have(returned from the hospital).,5) He wanted to help the accident victim but his friend did
21、nt.,He wanted to help the accident victim but his friend didnt (want to help the accident victim).,6) You can borrow my first aid notes if you want to.,You can borrow my first aid notes if you want to (borrow my first aid notes).,7) Sounds like a good idea.,(It) sounds like a good idea.,8) Anything
22、I can do for you?,(Is there) anything I can do for you?,1.-Does your brother intend to study German?-Yes, he intends_.A/ B.to C.so D.that,2. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to,3. -What do you think made Mary s
23、o upset?-_her new bicycle. A. As she lost B. LostC. Losing D. Because of losing,B.,A.,C.,4.If_,well continue our experiment after office hours. A.being necessary B.be necessary C.is necessary D.necessary,6. Generally speaking, _according to directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B.
24、when takenC. when to take D. when to be taken,5.- Do you think its going to rain over the weekend?- _. A. I dont believe B. I dont believe it C. I believe not so D. I believe not,D.,D.,B.,7. One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and_. A. the other is white B. another white C. the o
25、ther white D. another is white,8. - Would you like some wine?- Yes, just _. A. little B. very little C. a little D. a few,C.,C.,Choose the best answers.,1)-Tomorrow is a holiday. Why are you doing your homework? -I am doing these exercises now sothat I wont have _ on Sunday.A. it B. them C. for D. t
26、o,2)-Shall I invite Ann to my birthday party tomorrow evening?-Yes. Itll be fine if you_.A. are B. can C. invite D. do 3)- Arent you the manager?- No, and I_A. dont want to B. dont want to be C. dont want be D. dont want,4)-Ill be away on a business trip. Wouldyou mind looking after my cat?-Not at a
27、ll. _.A. Ive no time B. Id rather not C. Id like it D. Id be glad to 5)- Wont you have another try?- _.A. Yes, I will have B. Yes, I wont have C. Yes, I wont D. Yes, I will,6)-I wont do it any more.-_?A. Why not B. Why dont do any more C. Why not do D. Why dont,7)-Do you think it will snow tomorrow?-_.A.I dont think B. No, I dont think C. I dont think so D. No, I dont so8)-Have you fed the cat?-No, but_.A. Im B. I am C. Im just going D. Im just going to,
