1、Chapter Two,The Sources of the English Vocabulary,2-1-1 What is Etymology? Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Etymology provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language and increases the learner
2、s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spellings and pronunciations to that of meanings.,1. If you “bury the hatchet“, you A. ignore an insult B. spend too much money C. hide the evidence of a crime D. make peace,Burying the hatchet (短斧) was a
3、n American Indian tradition signifying peace. Washington Irving used the phrase in Captain Bonneville (博纳维尔上尉探险记 1837) to describe a peaceful meeting among Indian chiefs. 2. If a family has a nasty secret that they keep hidden, you say they,A. are on the horns of a dilemma to be in a situation in wh
4、ich you have to choose between two equally unpleasant or difficult situations B. are riding for a fall informal to be doing something unwise which could result in failure C. have a skeleton in their closet D. have a fly in the ointment informal the only thing that spoils something and prevents it fr
5、om being successful,William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) was the first to use the idea of a skeleton to symbolize a shameful secret He claimed that “there is a skeleton in every house.“ 3. When you are advised not to look a gift horse in the mouth, you A. take what is offered with gratitude and w
6、ithout question B. try to brighten a gloomy situation C. acknowledge the positive features of someone you dislike D. leave troublesome issues undisturbed,A horses age can be determined by looking at its teeth. Literally, “Dont look a gift horse in the mouth“ means “Refrain from insulting the giver b
7、y checking the horses age.“ In general, the saying means that any gift or offering should be accepted without question.,4. When you claim that “the road to hell is paved with good intentions,” what do you mean? A. Good intentions do not guarantee a good deed. B. Good men as well as bad go to hell. C
8、. Sin can mask itself as good. D. The devil tempts us to forget our good intentions.,In 1150 Bernard of Clairvaux 著名的修士圣伯尔纳 claimed that “Hell is full of good intentions or desires,“ meaning that a persons deeds do not necessarily reflect his or her intentions. The idea of the road to hell being “pa
9、ved“ with good intentions wasnt used until Samuel Johnson spoke of it in 1775.,Hybrids: words which are made of two parts, each from a different language. eventful: event a Latin root, -ful an old English suffix talkative: talk an old English root, -ative a Latin suffix television: tele-a Greek pref
10、ix , -vision a Latin root rework: Latin, English,vidiot Latin, French video + idiotcouch potato 沙发土豆= couch spud informal potato informal a person who spends a great deal of their leisure time watching television. French, Mexican mouse potato: the on-line, wired generations answer to the couch potat
11、o,2-1-2 The English People and the English Language Britons Roman invasion The Angles, Saxons and Jutes,2-1-3 The Position and Character of the English Language in the Indo-European Family Teutonic language: a Germanic language日尔曼语言 The English language is of a mixed character,2-1-4 The Division of
12、the History of the English Language inflection (chiefly British also inflexion) noun Grammar a change in the form of a word (typically the ending) to express a grammatical function or attribute such as tense, mood, person, number, case, and gender.,2-1-7 Some Characteristics of Modern English A. The
13、 early Modern English period (1500-1700) The influence of Latin and Greek on English was great,Words borrowed from Latin: conspicuous, conspicuous by ones absence used to say that someone or something is not somewhere where they were expected to be: a group that were conspicuous by their absence fro
14、m the awards ceremony conspicuous consumption: the act of buying a lot of things, especially expensive things that are not necessary, in order to impress other people and show them how rich you are,emancipate expectation: The show exceeded all expectations (=was much better than expected)./ The numb
15、er of people who attended fell short of expectations (=was lower than expected). /expectation of life = life expectancy,external: For external use only (=written on medicines which must be put on your skin and not swallowed) exist, formula There is no magic formula (=a method that is certain to be s
16、uccessful) that will transform sorrow into happiness. / With viewing figures up a million, the programme has a winning formula. , inertia 惰性, memorandum，stratum a social class in a society: people of different social strata, veto veto legislation/a measure/a proposal etc;,approve/pass/veto a bill /
17、exercise/use your veto area, genius, codex an ancient book written by hand 2. Words of Greek origin, but came in through Latin chaos complete/utter/absolute etc chaos, system, crisis, emphasis 3. Words of Greek origin: catastrophe prevent/avert a catastrophe: Sudan requires food immediately to avert
18、 a humanitarian catastrophe., lexicon, criterion, anonymous anonymous donor/benefactor; anonymous phone call/letter etc, myth, gymnastics, tragedy, prologue,B. The late Modern English period (1700-) 1. In the 18th century French greatly influenced English, for example: ballet 比较 striptease；exotic da
19、ncer , cartoon, cohesion, dentist, patrol, police, brochure a thin book giving information or advertising something: a holiday brochure, corduroy corduroy jacket条绒夹克 ,publicity Is their much-reported romance just a publicity stunt (=something that is only done to get publicity)?, to shun (to avoid)
20、publicity 2. words of American Indian origin: caribou 北美驯鹿, hickory 山核桃木, moose 驼鹿, papoose 北美印地安人的幼儿, tomahawk 印地安人的战斧, wampum 贝壳串珠 wigwam 活动房屋,3. words of Mexican origin: chili 红辣椒 chocolate, hammock 吊床 maize 玉米, potato, tobacco 4. words of Peru 秘鲁 origin: puma 美洲狮 quinine 奎宁 5. words of Brazilian
21、 origin: cayenne 辣椒粉 jaguar 美洲虎,5. words of Indian origin: calico 印花棉布, coolie a very offensive word for an unskilled worker who is paid very low wages, especially in parts of Asia. Do not use this word 苦力, mandarin 官员 6. words of African origin:,banana, gumbo 秋葵, zebra 7. words of German origin: do
22、ck, carouse 狂饮, plunder掠夺财物plunder anothers copyright, zinc, cobalt钴, quartz 石英 8. words of Italian origin: fresco 湿壁画, cupola 圆屋顶, cornice飞檐, pedestal 垫座, colonnade柱廊, sonata 奏鸣曲,9. words of Spanish origin: galleon大帆船, cannibal食人族, embargo impose/lift an embargo (=start or end one) Many allies are
23、pushing to lift the embargo./trade/arms/oil etc embargo, plaza 广场 plaza noun 1) a public square, marketplace, or similar open space in a built-up 建筑物密布的area. 2) North American a shopping centre. ,mall countable especially American English a large area where there are a lot of shops, usually a covere
24、d 有顶的 area where cars are not allowed = shopping centre: Lets meet at the mall and go see a movie.a huge new shopping mall strip mall countable American English a row of shops built together, with a large area for parking cars in front of it,10. The development of science and technology is reflected
25、 in the vocabulary in late Modern English: -itis suffix forming names of inflammatory of a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection diseases inflammatory language mouse pad a small piece
26、of flat material with a special surface which you move a computer mouse on heel bar a small shop or stall where shoes are repaired industrial strength coffee 非常提神的咖啡 to misdial: dial a telephone number incorrectly single-use 一次性的 a single-use camera,single figures a number below 10 in single figures
27、 Interest rates have stayed in single figures for over a year now. The number of cases of the disease is now down to single figures. digit any of the numerals from 0 to 9, especially when forming part of a number. double-digit only before noun especially American English: relating to the numbers 10
28、to 99 = double-figure British English double-digit inflation,text message: a written message that is sent or received on a mobile phone or pager/ to text-message sb to say that cubicle a small partitioned-off area of a room swipe card a plastic card bearing magnetically encoded information which is
29、read when the card is slid through an electronic device pass (a swipe card) through an electronic reader; to swipe,automated teller machine; ATM swipeout: An ATM or credit card that has been rendered useless because the magnetic strip is worn away from extensive use affluenza 富贵病（affluent / influenz
30、a） blockbuster: a book or film that is very good or successful: the latest Hollywood blockbuster blockbusting adjective electronic cash: money that can be used to buy things on the Internet, but that does not exist in a physical form or belong to any particular country,ultrasound: An ultrasound scan
31、 revealed that the baby was a boy. penultimate adjective not the last, but immediately before the last = last but one; ultimate: the penultimate chapter addenda plural or addendums countable something you add to the end of a speech or book to change it or give more information addendum to an addendum to section 4,
