1、TOFEL GRAMMAR,Noun Clause,本节目标,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,-,-,-,-,-,-,-,名词性从句四种成分,在英文中，名词或名词短语主要充当四种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语（见上表第一列）。如果我们把句子当做名词来用，分别在另一个句子中作主语、宾语、表语和同位语（见上表第二列），于是构成了四种从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为这四种从句在本质上相当于名词的作用，所以我们把它们统称为名词性从句。,名词性从句三种句子,That the earth is round is a fact. My question is whether people
2、 will live on the moon someday. Scientists have argued over the question whether there is life on other planets. I dont know how many letters there are in the English alphabet.,陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句,名词性从句本质,That the earth is round is a fact. (The earth is round.) My question is whether people will live on
3、 the moon someday. (Will people live on the moon someday?) Scientists have argued over the question whether there is life on other planets. (Is there life on other planets?) I dont know how many letters there are in the English alphabet. (How many letters are there in the English alphabet?),陈述句变名词性从
4、句 主语从句,He doesnt understand English. 很显然他不懂英语。 That he doesnt understand English is obvious. 月球本身不发光这是一个常识。 That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge. 地球是圆的，这是真理。 That the earth is round is a truth.,原则,在陈述句句首加上that，然后把“that+陈述句”这一结构分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,it作形式主语,为避免头重脚轻，常常用
5、it作形式主语置于句首，而将主语 从句放在句尾。,很显然他不懂英语。 It is obvious that he doesnt understand English. 月球本身不发光这是一个常识。 It is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light. 地球是圆的，这是真理。 It is a truth that the earth is round. 你没通过这次考试真遗憾。 It is a shame/pity that you did not pass the test.,常见的主语从句句型 it作形式主语
6、,It is +过去分词+that从句： Its reported that 据报道。 Its believed that 人们相信。 Its generally thought that 人们普遍认为。 It should be noted that 应当注意。 It has been found that 现已发现。 It must be pointed out that 必须指出。 同样可以这么用的词有: say, expect, know, estimate, forecast等。,常见的主语从句句型 it作形式主语,It is +形容词+that从句： It is clear tha
7、t 显然。 It is possible/ likely that 很可能。 It is natural that 很自然。 It is certain that 可以相信。 It is strange that 奇怪的是。 It is fortunate that 幸运的是。 It is necessary that 有必要的是。,常见的主语从句句型 it作形式主语,It is +名词短语+that从句：a pity, a shame, an honor, a good idea, no wonder, etc. It is a pity that 可惜的是。 It is a fact th
8、at 事实是。 It is good news that 。真是太好了。 It is a good thing that 。真是件好事。 It is no wonder that 难怪。 It is a shame that 遗憾的是；。真是太不像话了 It is an honor that 真荣幸。 It is common knowledge that 。是常识。 It is my belief that 我相信。 It is a miracle that 。真是奇迹。,练习时间_,将下列句子改写成it作主语的句子 That smoking can cause cancer is true
9、. That Lucy failed his English exam was a shame. That he has been late for work over and over again is a serious matter. That the little baby survived under such bad conditions was a miracle.,陈述句变名词性从句 宾语从句,我认为你是对的。 I think (that) you are right. 我们知道地球是圆的。 We know (that) the earth is round. 我认为扎实的语法
10、功底对英文写作很重要。 I think (that) a sound knowledge of grammar is essential to good writing.,在陈述句句首加上that，然后把“that+陈述句”这一结构分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,原则,陈述句变名词性从句 表语从句,我认为这个孩子应该送到学校去上学。 My idea is that the child should be sent to school. 困难在于我们缺乏资金。 The trouble is that we are short of funds.,在陈述句句首加上that，然后
11、把“that+陈述句”这一结构分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,原则,陈述句变名词性从句 宾语从句,他实验取得成功，这让大家很高兴。 The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody. 有人曾谣传Tom是小偷，结果证明是不对的。 The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue. 她到处散布谣言说他犯有盗窃罪。 She spread the lie everywhere that he was guilty of theft.,在陈述句句首加
12、上that，然后把“that+陈述句”这一结构分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,一般疑问句变名词性从句 主语从句,I. 主语从句他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。 他们是否会支持我们? 变正常语序 Would they support us? They would support us. (2) whether或if来引导 Whether they would support us. (3) ( )还是一个问题 Whether they would support us is/remains a question. It is/remains a question whethe
13、r they would support us.,一般疑问句变成陈述句，并且用whether或if来引导。,原则,一般疑问句变名词性从句 宾/表/同位语从句,II. 宾语从句 我不清楚他是否需要我的帮助。 I dont know if/whether he needs my help. III. 表语从句 我关心的是他到底来不来。 My concern is whether he comes or not. IV. 同位语从句 他们面临是否该继续干下去这个问题。 They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to wo
14、rk.,一般疑问句变成陈述句，并且用whether或if来引导。,原则,一般疑问句变名词性从句 if 还是whether?,if 一般只用于引导宾语从句，而whether可引导包括宾语从句在内的其他名词从句 当出现 or not时，一般只用whetheror not，而不用if填空： a. ( ) he comes or not makes no difference. b. The question is ( ) he will come. c. I dont care ( ) he is handsome. d. The question ( ) we should call in a s
15、pecialist was answered by the family doctor. 答案: Whether: a. b. d if: c,练习时间_,将括号里的疑问词变成名词性从句 _ remains uncertain. (Shall we have the match?) I wonder _.(Should we wait for him?) No one knows exactly _.(Is there life on other planets?) My question is _.(Do we have enough time to go to the movie?) Do
16、 you know _.(Does sound travel faster than light?),特殊疑问句变名词性从句 原则,判断正误： A. I have no idea when he will return. B. I have no idea when will he return. A. Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery. B. Why did he refuse to cooperate with us is still a mystery.,特殊疑问句变成陈述语序,然后将变成正常语序的特殊疑问句分别
17、放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,原则,特殊疑问句变名词性从句 主语从句,I.主语从句 他告诉你的是真的。What he told you is true. 由谁来主持会议尚未决定。Who will chair the meeting has not yet been decided. 何时举行会议还没决定。When the meeting is to be held has not yet been decided.,特殊疑问句变成陈述语序,然后将变成正常语序的特殊疑问句分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,原则,特殊疑问句变名词性从句 宾语从句,I. 宾语从句
18、我还没决定投票给谁。 I have not decided whom I should vote for. 你能告诉我邮局在哪儿吗？ Could you tell me where the post office is? 我们不知道他为什么昨天没来。 We didnt know why he did not come yesterday.,特殊疑问句变成陈述语序,然后将变成正常语序的特殊疑问句分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,原则,特殊疑问句变名词性从句 表语从句,I.表语从句 关键是你什么时候才能变得有钱。The point is when you will become
19、rich. 昨天是历史。明天是个谜。今天是一件礼物。因此它才被称为present！Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is a mystery. Today is a gift. Thats why its called the present!,特殊疑问句变成陈述语序,然后将变成正常语序的特殊疑问句分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,原则,特殊疑问句变名词性从句 同位语从句,I.同位语从句 我不清楚他是谁。I have no idea who he is. 该让谁获得出国的机会，这个问题需要仔细的考虑。The question who should
20、get this opportunity to go abroad requires careful consideration. 现在的问题是我们去哪里弄到这笔贷款。There arose the question where we could get the loan.,特殊疑问句变成陈述语序,然后将变成正常语序的特殊疑问句分别放在另一个句子的四种位置即构成了四种名词从句。,原则,练习时间_,将括号里的疑问词变成名词性从句 _ wasnt true.(What did she say?) _ is a secret.(Why did they leave the country?) _ w
21、as interesting.(What was he talking about?) I cant remember _.(How much does it cost?) Do you know _?(Whats on TV tonight?) Lets ask him _?(Which book does he want?),引导名词性从句 常用连词,本课小结,作成分时，需要在句首加that,作成分时，需先将疑问句变成正常语序，然后在句首加上whether/if(if只用于宾从),以保留原句的疑问意义,作成分时，需将疑问句变成正常语序,陈述句,一般疑问句,特殊疑问句,Thank You !,
