1、Lexicology（词汇学）,Lexicology is the study of form, meaning and behavior of words. (The New Oxford Dictionary of English ) Morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology（词源学） Vocabulary（口语化）, lexis（两者之间）, lexicon（学术味） (词汇),1011学年第二学期词汇学试题类型 I. Explain the following terms. (20 points) II. Complete the follo
2、wing statements or passages with proper expressions according to the text. (10 points) III. Fill in each blank with a word contrary in meaning to the word given in the bracket. (10 points) IV. Complete the following idioms. (10 points),V. Fill in the blanks with the following verbal phrases in their
3、 suitable forms. (20 points) VI. Express the following in one compound word. (10 points) VII. Answer the following questions. (20 points) I. Explain the following terms.homonym compounding connotative meaning Morpheme blending initialism antonymy synonym denotative meaning polysemy Conversion deriva
4、tion motivation Acronym back-formation radiation,VII. Answer the following questions. 1. How do you define antonyms? 2. What is the difference between conversion and suffixation? 3. What do we mean by literary and common words? 4. What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meanin
5、g? 5. What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affix?,6. What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation? 7. Why should we give primary importance to denotative meaning of words? 8. What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms? 9. State the
6、vital role of context in determination of word meaning. 10. What are verb phrase idioms? What are their peculiar features?,Part one Chapter I,A General Survey of English Vocabulary,1.The Development of the English vocabulary 2. Classification of English words according to different criteria 3. Varie
7、ties of English 4. Classification of languages,Chapter 1 A Brief Survey of the English Language,Definition of Word Bloomfield: some linguistic forms, which we call bound forms are never used as sentences. -ess; -ish;-s Free form: two or more lesser free forms Poor John French linguist, Antoine Meill
8、etA word is defined by the association of a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.,lexicon (词汇): the vocabulary of person, language, or branch of knowledge, eg. the size of the English lexicon,Entry (词条): an item written or printed in a diary, list, account book, or reference book
9、.,Lexeme词位,a basic lexical unit of a language consisting of one word or several words, the elements of which do not separately convey the meaning of the whole.,In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form, with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and
10、 grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.词是语言组织中的基本单位，能独立运用的，具有声音 、意义和语法功能。,1.The Development of the English vocabulary（英语发展史),1.1. English vocabulary as viewed in the historical perspective 1.1.1Old English (449/450 1100) Anglo-Saxon(古英语)(50,000-60,000 words) 1.1.2Mid
11、dle English (1100 - 1500) strong influence of French(中古英语) 1.1.3Early Modern English (1500 - 1700 )(早期现代英语) Renaissance Latin Greek 1.1.4Late Modern English (1700 Pres.)(后期现代英语),1.1.1Old English 古英语 (450AD 1100),(“the Anglo-Saxon Period”) 1.1.1.1Background 1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE,1.1.1.1Backgr
12、ound,Paleolithic Man 3000 BC, Iberians - Neolithic 500 BC, Celts 55BC 410 AD, the Roman occupation 55BC: Julius Caesar 43AD: Emperor Claudius - The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服 410 AD, the fall of the Roman Empire,449AD, Invasion of Angles, Saxons & Jutes - the Tutonic Conquest (449 6th C ) three Low West G
13、ermanic lg.-Anglo-Saxon *“Runic” 597AD, introduces. of Christianity, by Augustine. Introduces. of Latin words 790 AD, invasion of Scandinavians, esp, Danes. Vikings. Introduces of vocabulary from Scandinavian countries ( Old Norse words ),1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE,1) OE Dialects 方言 2) OE Vocabul
14、ary 词汇 3) OE Spelling 拼写 4）OE Pronunciation 发音 5) OE Inflections 屈折形式 6）Loan Words 外来语,1) OE Dialects 方言,West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语,2) OE Vocabulary 词汇,Compounding: for-(forbid, forget), in-, -ful, -dom, -hood, -ship, - ness, -th, -ish. Alliteration: (with)might and ma
15、in, friend or foe, a labour of love.,3) OE Spelling 拼写,eg. (1) OE Modern E OE Modern E hm home mtan to meet stn stone fdn to feed hs house u Thou bc book t that fftig fifty,eg. (2) Fder re, e eart on heofonum, Father of ours, thou that art in Heaven,4）OE Pronunciation 发音,OE Sp. OE Pron. Mod.E Sp. Mo
16、d.E Pron. tme ti:m time taim hs hu:s house haus stn sta:n stone stun,5） OE Inflections 屈折形式,eg. (1) hm(home)的变格： Singular Plural Subjective hm hmas Possessive hmes hma Patient hme hmum Objective hm hmas,6）Loan Words 外来语,（1） Introduction of Christianity(基督教) Fr. Latin: bargain, cheap, inch, pound, cu
17、p, dish, wall, wine, etc.; abbot, alter, candle, disciple, hymn, martyr, num, priest, pope, shrine, temple, etc. （2） Scandinavian invasion Vikings Fr. Old Norse: are, they, their, them, till, call, die give, take skin, sky, window, ill, weak, etc.,1.1.2Middle English (1100 - 1500) 中古英语,1.1.2.1 Backg
18、round 1.1.2.2 Characteristics of ME,Background,The Norman Conquest: 1066.1 King Edward 1066.9.28 William 1066.10 Hastings William I, William the Conqueror William I (1066-1100)-House of Normandy (诺曼底王朝),Henry I (1100-1135) Henry II (1154-1189) - House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝) John (1199-1216) Henry III
19、 (1216-1272) Edward III (1327-1377) - Black Death 1337-1454: The Hundred Years War Richard II (1377-1400) Henry IV (1399-1413) - House of Lancaste（兰加斯特王朝）,1455-1485: The Wars of the Roses Edward IV (1461-1483)- House of York （约克王朝） Edward V (1483-1483) Richard III (1483-1485) Henry VII (1485-1509)-
20、House of Tudor （都铎王朝） Coexistence of three languages French + English + Latin English: 1204， 1399， 1404 Chaucer, the Bible,Characteristics of ME,1) Dialects 2) Spelling and Pronunciation 3) Grammar 4) Loan Words,1) Dialects,Northern Dialect East Midland Dialect West Midland Dialect Southern Dialect,
21、2) Spelling and Pronunciation,e.g. ,th, a, ou (hshous), hwwh, cwqu, scsh/sch -e not pronounced letter j from French, clear l,r; -gh-, -gn-, -kn-. “knight” Formation of Standard Pronunciation: end of 14th C- 15th C Based on East Midland Dialect (esp. London dialect),3) Grammar,Nouns, Adjectives, Arti
22、cles(s,se,t) (OE) e (Later written as the); t(OE) that; “a/an” appeared Verbs(Most verbs turned to be regular. ) Significance: (a) Importance of Word Order (b) Nature of English : from synthetic language to analytic language,4) Loan Words,(a）Fr. French The Romanization of English Loss of a large par
23、t of the OE word-stock (b) Fr. Latin Two ways: directly into English into English via French. (c) Affixes of French and Latin.,(d) Significance: -modification of meaning e.g. beef, mutton, pork : 牛、羊、猪(Fr.)牛肉、羊肉、猪肉(E.) -synonyms e.g. W. fr. OE W. fr. Fr. W. fr. Latin fire flame conflagration ask inq
24、uire interrogate,1.1.3Early Modern English (1500 - ) 早期现代英语,1.1.3.1Background 1.1.3.2 Characteristics of Early Modern E,Background,1) 1492, Christopher Columbus, 90 sailors/3 sails 1519-1522, Ferdinand Magellan London as the world trade centre 2) Enclosure Movement 3) The Renaissance,4) Brief Histor
25、y 1603, Death of Elizabeth I, James VI of Scotland James I(1603-1625) - House of Stuart(斯图亚特王朝) 1653, Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protect (1653-1658) - the Commonwealth（共和政体） 1660, Charles II(1660-1685)- Restoration of the House of Stuart （斯图亚特王朝复辟） James II (1685-1688) William III and Mary II(1689-1702),
26、Characteristics of Early Modern E,1) Spelling and Pronunciation 2) Vocabulary and Grammar 3) Influence of Renaissance onEnglish,1) Spelling and Pronunciation,(a) Spelling tended to be uniformed(mid 17th C) and take the present form. Edward Phillips: The New World of English Words(1658) (b) Change of
27、 Short Vowels. a: (letter a) (cat , thank, flax) u (mostly letter u) (cut, sun, us, love),(c) Change of Long Vowels - the Great Vowel shift(元音大变动 1500-1750）ME EModE e: i:i: eiaia: ei: ouo: u:u: uau,(d) Change of Consonants Change of h; Loss of w l in consonant clusters Introduction of (e) Discordanc
28、e between Spelling and Pronunciation e.g. i: ea(leaf), ee (sheep), e(fever), ie(thief), ei(either), ey(key), ay(quay),2) Vocabulary and Grammar,(a) Interchange of features of speech. adj. adv./n./v. n. v. eg. (fr. Antony and Clepoatra by Shakespeare) - He words me, girls, he words me - a hand that k
29、ings have lippd, and trembled kissing.,(b) Continuous loss of inflections. n. : plural: -(e)s (Some n) possessive: s - the writer of the books ambition - the king of Englands nose adj.: -er, -est or more, most pron.: thou, thy, theeye, your, youyou, your, you “its”, “who” came into existence. v.: th
30、ird sing.： eth -s,(c) Establishment of Word Order 词序位置的固定是 中古英语过渡到现代英语的一个重要标志。 主语+动词+宾语 定语名词 e.g. “是我。” OE: ic hit eom (I it am.) ME: Hit am I (It am I )Chaucers time: It am I. EModE: It is me.,(d) Difference in vocabulary e.g. climate : country circumstance: ado, fuss, ceremony address: to prepare
31、, to get ready enlarge: release,3) Influence of Renaissance on English,(a) On formality of the English Language (b) On Literature. Drama, Shakespeare. e.g. Shylock, pound of flesh, the salt of youth, Cordelias gift. (c) On vocabulary. (Borrowed words),(c) On vocabulary. (Borrowed words)Latin and Gre
32、ek: arbiter, genius, ignoramus, census, maximum; -ism, -ist, -ize, anti-,co-,de-, ex-,inter-,pre-,pro-. From French: alloy, bizarre, comrade, detail, duel, vogue, surpass. From other languages: armada, banana, cocoa, hurricane(fr. Spanish) balcony, design, portico, colcano (fr. Italian),1.1.4Late Mo
33、dern English (1700 - Present ) 后期现代英语,1.1.4.1Background1.1.4.2 Characteristics of Late ModernE 1.1.4.3 The rapid growth of present day English,Background,1) The 18th C Society 1688 Enlighttment, the Age of Reason Novelists: Defoe, Swift, Fielding Poets: Blake, Burns. 2) The 19th C to Date Industrial
34、izationTechnological development,1.1.4.2 Characteristics of Late Modern E,1) Prescription of English 2) Grammar Study 3) Vocabulary 4) Pronunciation,1) Prescription of English,Learned thinkers and authors who wrote in Latin. 1729, Thomas Cooke： Proposals for Perfecting the English Language. 1755, Sa
35、muel Johnson: A Dictionary of the English Language.,2) Grammar Study,Variety of grammar books. From the viewpoint of prescriptivism. e.g. Id rather: I had rather I would rather It is me It is I. I/we shall, you/he/she/they will.,3) Vocabulary,2nd influx of Fr. Vocabulary: effect of the Restoration o
36、f the House of Stuart. Loan words from colonies and other countries. Varieties of Ways of Enlarging Vocabulary -In form: affixation, compounding, conversion, blending, backformation. -In meaning: extension, narrowing, transference, elevation, degradation.,4) Pronunciation,Petty modification of some
37、phonemes in standard pronunciation. e.g. unstressed i, e in ei ,o in ou. Word stress: ally ally, laboratory laboratory,1.2 The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes,1.2.1 Marked progress of science and technology eg unclear bomb computer science 1.2.2 Socio-economic, politica
38、l and cultural change eg social habits living condition 1.2.3 The influence of other cultures and languages,2. Classification of English words according to different criteria,2.1 by origin: native words and loan words fundamental features of the basic word stock National character Stability Word-for
39、ming ability Ability to form collocations,2.2 by level of usage,2.2.1 common words 2.2.2 literary words 2.2.3 colloquial words 2.2.4 slang words 2.2.5 technical words,2.3 by notion,2.3.1 function words determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth 2.3.2 content words,Function wo
40、rds(功能词) ： 没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词,Determiner(限定词 ) Pronoun代词 Preposition介词 Conjunction连接词 Auxiliary verb助动词 Interjection感叹词,Content words (实义词)： 本身有完整词汇意义的词,Noun名词 Verb动词 Adjective形容词 Adverb副词,3 Varieties of English (英语的变体),3.1 General View （概述） 3.2 American English（美国英语） 3.3 Difference between Br.E
41、and Am.E(英国英语和美国英语的差别),3.1 General View,British English American English Scottish English Canadian English Australian English New Zealand English,3.2 American English,3.2.1 Background3.2.2 Characteristics of American English,3.2.1 Background,England, The Queen of the Seas 1607, the first colony, Jam
42、estown 1620, the first pilgrims. Plymouth1607-1733, 13 colonies,1607-1733, 13 colonies:Virginia (1607), Massachusetts (1630), Maryland (1632), Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1638), North Carolina (1663), New York (1664), New Jersey (1664), South Carolina (1670), New Hampshire (1679), Pennsylvania
43、 (1682)， Delaware (1703), Georgia（1733）,1765. 10 1773 1774.9 1776.7.4.,3.2.2 Characteristics of American English,1) Archaism 2) Heterogeneity 3) Creativeness,1) Archaism,17th C British English e.g. In grammar: gotten, In pronunciation: r, ,2) Heterogeneity,From Indian: raccoon, squash. (anglicize) F
44、rom French: prairie, pumpkin, caribou, rapids. From German: noodle, sauerkraut. From Dutch: Santa Claus, boss, bedspread, dumb, sleigh. From Spanish: cockroach, patio, plaza, ranch.,3) Creativeness,To name new things: ground hog, bullfrog, sweet potato, lynch.,3.3 Difference between Bri.E and Am.E,3
45、.3.1 In Pronunciation 3.3.2 In Grammar 3.3.3 In Vocabulary 3.3.4 Mutual Influence,3.3.1 In Pronunciation,1) Different Pronunciation for the same symbol i e ; u-ou; r t (writing, bitter, waiter) 2) r : farm, cord, hard, far. law saw, sore & soar 3) a:- path, laugh o law, cause,4) dormitory, secretary
46、, laboratory5) Different Pron. for the Same Word tomato, either, fertile, epoch,6) Difference in Intonation,3.3.2 In Grammar,1) Do you have a watch?cf: Have you a watch? 2)Ive gotten a ticket for a film. 3) I/We/You/He will cf: I/We shall 4) go to the hospital / universitycf: go to hospital/universi
47、tyBut: go to school, go to the theatre/theater,3.3.3 In Vocabulary,1) Different Words for the Same Thing apartment-flat; elevator-lift; baggage-car-luggage-van; motor-engine; railroad-railway; truck-lorry; math-maths,2) Difference in Spelling Theater-theatre; labor-labour; traveler-traveller; dialog-dialogue; kilogram-kilogramme, defence-defense,4Classification of languages （语言的分类）,
