1、1第一章 基本句型1句子成分1）主语：表示句子所说为何人或何物，可由名词（词组） 、代词、数词、不定式（短语） 、动词-ing 形式（短语）和名词从句等充当。A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. The farmer plowed his field. He enjoys camping in the mountains. To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.Living in that island country for three months
2、was an unforgettable experience for me. Two will be enough.Whether well go depends on the weather. That they failed in their attempt is entirely understandable.2) 谓语：说明主语做什么或是什么，由动词充当，须与主语保持人称和数的一致。动词的性质决定其是否必须跟主语补语、宾语、宾语补语以及状语等后续成分。Peoples standards of living are going up steadily. I may be wrong.
3、He watched horrified by the terrible accident. I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.She left the room angry and frustrated. She looked sad and discouraged.We have long been hoping to visit your country. We have to do something for them.It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two coun
4、tries be expanded.For many years he remained single. He is called Little Tiger.3) 表语：说明主语是什么或怎么样，可由名词（词组） 、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式（短语） 、副词、介词短语、词组、从句等充当。He still remained a hero in peoples minds. What nationality is he?Thats something we have always to keep in mind. Seventy-four! You dont look it.She w
5、as the first to learn about it. His hair has gone white.Her first job had been selling computers. Time is pressing. Lets hurry up. The thing for her to have done was to have run away from her home, but she never did.All I could do was send him a telegram. We must be off now.The proof of the pudding
6、is in the eating. She felt at ease and confident in the future.They are twice the size of chickens. That would be a great weight off my mind.4) 宾语：表示动作行为的对象，由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词或其他东西、动名词（短语） ，不定式（短语） 、复合结构、从句等充当。Show your passports, please! They didnt promise him anything definite.- How many do you nee
7、d? - We need two. They carried the seriously wounded.I enjoyed working with you. Hope to see you again.You will find the pain easing up in a few hours. Ill get it stamped.See that everything is ready by half past ten. Did you write down what she said? 介词宾语：介词不能在句中独立充当一个成分，而需和一个名词或与之相当的东西构成介词短语，来在句中充
8、当一个成分。和介词构成短语的那个部分称为介词宾语。能充当介词宾语的主要有名词、代词、动名词（短语） 、由连接代（副）词引起的从句或不定式短语。Its going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast. How much luggage can I take with me? She is fond of skating.Im thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time. He gave a lesson on how to improve soil.5) 宾语补
9、语：用来补充说明宾语，可由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式短语、动词-ing 形式以及动词-ed 形式等充当。6) 定语：用来修饰名词或代词，由形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、分词（短语） 、不定式（短语） 、介词短语、副词、从句等充当。Our government tries in every way to satisfy our need. He gave a vivid description of the battle. Our two hundred thousand auto workers are out on strike. We belong to the thir
10、d world.They are to send a government trade delegation to China. His words moved everyone present.Whats your governments policy towards these countries? 2Do you know the number of foreign guests coming to the party?Their aim is to find ways to satisfy the peasants demand “to change low-yielding land
11、 to high-yielding land.”Those under 18 must not carry weight above 10.25 kilograms.They should have told us if there was anything up. This is the only reference book there is on the subject.7) 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示谓语的时间、地点、方式、目的、程度，通常由副词( 短语)、介词短语、不定式（短语） 、分词（短语） 、形容词、词组、复合结构、从句等充当。有时，还可用名词充当。Theoreti
12、cally youre right, but things may not work like that in fact. They did everything they could to save the workers life. She did this out of kindness.Please fill in the card giving all the information required. They all rushed over, eager to help. Compared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate.
13、 She jumped ten feet. When I was ill she nursed me day and night. We have been sitting here hours waiting for you.That being the case, well have to reconsider the whole thing. We did it only because we had to.2基本句型1）主系表此句型中动词为联系动词：A. be 动词B. 表示“变得，成为”的动词： become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn, fall
14、, etc.C. 表示“保持某一状态”的动词： continue, hold, keep, remain, stay, stand, etc.D. 表示“看起来，好象”的动词： appear, look, seem, etc.E. 表示“感官”的动词：feel, smell, sound, taste, etc.I am a student. She is pretty. Toms wish has come true. The river grows wider. The weather turned cold. The milk remained fresh for a week.The
15、weather continued warm. John stood loyal to his friend. The house appears large. Your sister seemed unwell. Your sentence sounds right. The apple tastes sour.2) 主谓该句型中动词为不及物动词，不带宾语。 The girl smiles. The birds are flying in the sky.3) 主谓宾该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。 They speak English. The boy plays football ver
16、y well.4) 主谓间宾(人) 直宾( 物) (双宾语) 该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。Ann gave her daughter a beautiful doll. The mother will buy the girl a dress. 间接宾语后移时，必须在它的前面加 to, for 等介词。强调间接宾语是动作的接受者用 to（给）; 强调间接宾语是动作的受益者用 for（为） 。 直接宾语为代词时，必须紧跟在动词后面。 She posted it for Jack. Mary gave it to me.5) 主谓宾宾补 （复合宾语） 该句型中动词为及物动词，带宾语。 常用的这
17、类动词有：believe, hold, call, consider, find, hear, make, name, elect, select, appoint, vote, etc.The presents made the children happy. The teacher asked us to write a composition yesterday.6) There谓主 There is a book on the table. In the valley there lies a river. There is a book and two pens on the tab
18、le. 3 该句型中动词为两类A. be 动词的相应形式 There had been a leak in the chemical container before it exploded. There must be peaceful answers to the worlds problems. There is a garage across the street.There was half a tankful of petrol in the car yesterday. There have always been wars in the world. There will be
19、 no problem about it.B. 不及物动词，如：exist, lie, live, remain, stand, etc. There stands a house on the top of the hill. 此句型中，若主语不止一个，根据“就近一致”原则处理主谓一致关系。There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are two books and a pen on the desk. 此句型中，主语为非限定性主语，即主语前不可用 the, this, that, these, those, all, every 等词修
20、饰。 此句型中不能使用表示“有” 、 “拥有”含义的 have。There are thirty students in the classroom. 不能说：There have thirty students in the classroom.注：主谓一致：谓语动词在人称、数上必须与主语保持一致。第二章 动词的时态和语态第一节 时 态1英语一共有十六个时态一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时2谓语动词的形式 (以
21、 do 为例)1）一般时态：do 一般现在时用动词原形，但第三人称单数后要加词尾 s;A在词尾加 s 的规则情 况 加 法 例 词一般情况 加-s reads, writes, says以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o 结尾的词加-es teaches, washes, guesses, fixes, goes以“辅音字母+y” 结尾的词 变 y 为 i 再加 es trytries, carrycarries Bbe 和 have 有特殊的三人称形式： beis, havehas. 一般过去时用动词的过去式； 一般将来时用 shall 或 will 加动词原形； 一般过去将来时用
22、should 或 would 加动词原形。2) 进行时态： be doing 现在分词的构成情 况 加 法 例 词一般情况 加 ing gogoing, studystudying 以字母 e 结尾的词 去 e 加 ing liveliving, movemoving (但 being)以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又只有一个辅音字母将末尾的辅音字母双写，再加-ing planplanning,getgetting, sitsitting,beginbeginning (但 opening, backing)4以字母 r 结尾，前面只有一个元音字母，且末音节重读双写 r, 再加-ing preferp
23、referring, referreferring (但 appear-appearing) 少数动词的现在分词为不规则变化diedying, lielying, tietying; hoehoeing, toetoeing, dyedyeing; panicpanicking, picnic-picnicking; ageag(e)ing; etc.3) 完成时态：have done 规则动词的过去式与过去分词变化规则如下表：情 况 加 法 例 词一般情况 加-ed wantwanted, expectexpected以字母 e 结尾的词 加-d livelived, 以“辅音字母+y” 结
24、尾的词 变 y 为 i 再加 ed trytried, studystudied (但: stayed)以重读闭音节结尾，末尾又只有一个辅音字母将末尾的辅音字母双写，再加-edplanplanned, permitpermitted;(但 opened, backed)以字母 r 结尾，前面只有一个元音字母，且末音节重读双写 r, 再加-ed preferpreferred, referreferred (但 appear-appeared) 不规则动词：此类变化须特别记忆。 （不规则动词的过去式与过去分词见本章附录）arise, arose, arisen; awake, awoke/awa
25、ked, awoken/awaked; be, was/were, been; beat, beat, beaten; bear(生)，bore, borne/born(用于被动语态)； bear(负，带), bore, borne; become, became, become; begin, began, begun; bet, bet/betted, bet/betted; etc.4) 完成进行时态：have been doing 以 write 为例，具体的时态形式为：一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态现在 write/ writes am/ are/ is writing
26、has/ have written has/have been writing过去 wrote was/were writing had written had been writing将来 shall /will write shall/will be writing shall/will havewritten shall/will have been writing过去将来 should/would write should/would be writing should/would have written should/would have been writing3. 具体时态1)
27、 一般现在时 构成及句式变化：借助 be 动词的适当形式或助动词 do, does 构成各种句式。 特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词 + 助动词 + 句子其他成分。但对主语提问时例外，直接把主语换为疑问词即可。She decided to retire that winter. When did she decide to retire? Who decided to retire that winter? 用法A. 表示现在经常性和习惯性的动作；We always care for each other and help each other. They raise ducks as a sid
28、eline. It seldom snows here.B. 表示现在的特征或状态； She is always ready to help others. He loves sports.I major in English. Peru shares a border with Chile.C. 表示普遍真理、格言等； The moon moves around the earth. Actions speak louder than words.D. 在引用书面材料时，用 say，teach, stress 等词，且常用一般现在时。Shakespeare says, “ All the w
29、orld is a stage.” Chaucer writes that love is blind.The book teaches us to honour our parents. E. 用于解说、舞台说明、戏剧性描绘等；5Henry takes the ball forward quickly and pushes the ball to Smart. Now Smart gathers the ball.F. 表将来意义 : 表示一个按规定、时刻表、计划或安排要发生的情况，常用于表 “出发”、 “开始”、 “来往”等的动词，如：go, come, start, leave, ret
30、urn, arrive, etc. 并常与表将来时间的副词连用。I leave for Shanghai on Sunday. They start on their trip tomorrow. 时间或条件状语从句中，常用一般现在时表示一般将来时的意义。 Tell her about that when she comes. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.2) 一般过去时 构成及句式变化: 借助 be 动词的适当形式或助动词 did 构成各种句式。 用法A. 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态，或表示过去的习惯性动作。Who put forwa
31、rd the suggestion? She often came to help us.B. 有些情况，发生的时间不很清楚，但实际上是过去发生的，应当用过去时态。I was glad to get your letter. I didnt know you were so busy.I thought you were out. What did you say?C. 在谈到已死人的情况时多用过去时。Lao She was a great writer. My grandmother was kind to us.3) 一般将来时 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词 will, shall 构成各
32、种句式。 用法A. 表示将要发生的动作或情况。When will you be able to give us an answer? Will you be busy tonight?They will have to be careful in doing the work. I will/shall arrive tomorrow.B. 在以 I 或 we 作主语的问句中，一般用 shall，表示征求对方的意见或询问情况。Which book shall I read first? Where shall we meet?Shall we have any classes tomorrow
33、? Shall I be able to find them there?C. 一般将来时有时可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。A drowning man will catch at a straw. Crops will die without water.Whenever he has time, he will come and see us. Boys will be boys.D. 将来时的否定形式可以表示 “不能” ， “没法” 。This machine wont work. Whats the matter with the pen? The ink wont come out
34、.E. 在时间或条件状语从句中，一般不能用将来时态，而用现在时态代替。They will fight till they win complete victory. Ill let you have the book when Im through.Ill be round to see you if I have time tomorrow. Ill come unless it rains.Next time I go there, Ill ask them about it. 可以表示将要发生的动作或情况的其他结构和时态A. be going to + 动词原形 a. 表示打算、准备做的
35、事或即将发生或表示有迹象预示一定要发生的事。We are going to put up a building here. She is going to have a baby. Look! Its going to rain.b. 与一般将来时的区别：一般将来时具有临时性、客观性的特征；be going to 结构具有计划性、主观性的特征。 Its raining. We will stop here. Tomorrow will be Wednesday.We are going to visit my aunt this Sunday. I am going to study hard
36、 this semester.B. be to + 动词原形: 表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求对方意见，也可以表示说话者的意志（如指示、命令、禁止等） 。When is the factory to go into production? Theres to be an investigation.You are to do your homework before you watch TV. Am I to go on with the work?You are not to tell him anything about our plans. C. be about to + 动词原形
37、：表示即将做某事。 Were about to leave. He is about to retire.6D. be on/ at the point of 将近/ 就要的时候；接近，靠近（一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用）be around/ round the corner 即将来临，将临；在转弯处She was on/at the point of leaving when I arrived.Christmas is just around the corner. The post office is just around the corner.E. 一般现在时(见一般现在时的用法)
38、F. 现在进行时(见现在进行时的用法 )4）现在进行时 构成及句式变化: 借助 be 动词的适当形式构成各种句式。 用法A. 表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。 Theyre making preparations for it. How are you getting on with the work?B. 可用来表示将来意义，表示按计划安排要发生的事。仅限于少量动词，如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay, have, etc. 且常带有一个表示未来时间的状语。We are leaving on Friday. Are you go
39、ing anywhere tomorrow? 与一般现在时的区别现在进行时强调暂时性，而一般现在时强调经常性、长期性。They always go out on Sundays, but this Sunday they are staying at home. 需要注意的问题A. 表状态和感觉的动词一般不能用于进行时态，如：believe, belong, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, need, prefer, realize, remember, see, seem, suppose, understand, think（“认为” ）, ha
40、ve （“有” ）, etc.Do you see anyone over there? I hear someone singing. He looks well today. What do you think of it? 如果这些词词义转变后，能表示一个正在进行的动作，就能够用于进行时态。Are you seeing someone off? They are hearing an English talk.We are having breakfast. They were having a walk.What are you thinking about? He is lookin
41、g after his little sister.B. 表示无法持续动作的动词，一般不宜用于进行时态，但有些可以用于这个时态表示重复、即将等。 He is jumping up and down. The train is arriving. The old man is dying.5) 过去进行时 构成及句式变化: 借助 be 动词的适当形式构成各种句式。 用法：表示过去某个时刻（候）正在进行的动作。 （而一般过去时常表示一个完成的动作。 ）I was reading a novel last night. I read a novel last night.6) 将来进行时 构成及句式
42、变化: 借助助动词 will, shall 构成各种句式。 用法：主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作；在口语中，常用此时态表示预计即将发生或势必要发生的动作。 Come on. Well be having supper in a minute. I wont be free Friday morning. Ill be seeing a friend off.7) 现在完成时 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词 have, has 构成各种句式。 用法A. 表示到现在为止的这一时期中发生的情况（在时间上与现在有密切联系） 。How many pages have you covered today?
43、The province has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.B. 表示对现状有影响的某一已发生的动作（在后果上与现在有密切联系） 。I have seen the film many times. The delegation has already left.She has had a good education. I have been to the library. He has gone to the library. 与一般过去时比较A. 单纯谈一个过去的动作或一件过去的事情，不涉及它对现在的影响时
44、，常用一般过去时；若谈一件已发生的事时不考虑它是什么时候发生的，而主要考虑它对现在造成的结果或影响（此结果或影响有时是7直接可见的，有时是间接的，不明显的） ，则多用现在完成时。He bought a house ten years ago. He has bought a house.What did she say about it? What have I said to make you so angry?B. 当有一个表示过去某时的状语（如：a minute ago, just now, yesterday, last year, etc.）时，多用一般过去时；当有一个表示到现在为止
45、的这段时间的状语（如：so far, up till now, recently, these days, this week, this morning, etc.）时，多用现在完成时。I saw her a minute ago. So far weve only discussed the first five paragraphs.Up till now we have planted over 19,000 fruit trees. Just now Tom came to see you.We havent had much rain this summer. Weve had t
46、wo classes this morning. just now 不用于现在完成时；若用于过去时，表示“方才，刚才” ；若用于现在时，表示“现在，目前”；若用于将来时，表示“立刻” 。He left just now. Im free just now. Ill join you just now.8) 过去完成时 构成及句式变化: 借助助动词 had 构成各种句式。 用法A. 表示过去某时前已发生的动作或情况。B. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态，表示“过去的过去” ，只有在与过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。They fulfilled the plan earlier than they
47、had expected.By the end of that year he had already collected more than 1,000 foreign stamps.When we got there the football match had already started.C. 在包含 when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that 等连词的复合句中，如果主句谓语与从句谓语表示的过去动作是在不同时间发生，那么，先发生的动作通常需用过去完成时。但如果两个动作紧接着发生，特别是在包含 before, after 的复合句中
48、，常常不用过去完成时，而用过去时。When I woke up it had already stopped raining. The machine went better after it had been oiled.Just before I left Guangzhou, I sent them a telegram.When he entered the room, he found them sitting together singing.D. intend, hope, plan, mean, think, want 等动词的过去完成时可用来表示一个本打算做而没有做的动作。
