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中英语言对比.ppt

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1、A Comparison of Thought Patterns between Chinese and Westerners,-Lecture Outline for the Course of E-C Translation by Xu Derong,“Cultural Thought Patterns in Intercultural Education,”,-published by American linguist Robert B. Kaplan on Language Learning in 1966. (Semitic languages include Arabic and

2、 Hebrew; Romance languages refer to French, Italian and Spanish, which come from Latin.),1. Linear(直线型) vs Spiral (螺旋型),Francis Bacon 培根(1561-1626):Of StudiesStudies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in dis

3、course; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之 时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。 (王佐良译),关 雎 关关雎鸠,在河之洲。窈窕淑女,君子好逑。 参差荇菜,左右流之。窈窕淑女,寤寐求之。 求之不得,寤寐思服。悠哉悠哉。辗转反侧。 参差荇菜,左右采之。窈窕淑女,琴瑟友之。 参差荇菜,左右毛之。窈窕淑女。钟鼓乐之。,2. Concreteness(具象)vs abstractness(抽象),In line

4、with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.,有些时装设计师为了赶时髦,舍弃了优雅别致的样式,而一味追求袒胸露体的奇装异服。,Wisdom prepares for the worst; but folly leaves the worst for the day it comes.,聪明人防患于未然,愚蠢者临渴掘井。,His addition completed the list.,把他添上,名单就全了。,Something inside me

5、seemed to stop momentarily.,我顿时呆住了。,His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.,他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热。他于是下了决心,一碰到舒适的阴凉处,就坐下休息。,3. 本体型思维 vs 客体型思维,国学大师钱穆:中国文化以人文为中心,以人生为本位,最富人文意识,最重人文精神,中国文化本质上是一种人本文化。这种人本文化的长期积淀,形成了汉民族本体型的思维方式,即以人为中心来观察、分析、推理河研究事物西方文化则以物本为主

6、体,以自然为本位,比较偏重于对自然客体的观察和研究。这种思维方式的差异反映在语言上,当涉及行为主体时汉语习惯于用表示人或生物的词(animate)做主语,而英语则常用非生物名词(inanimate)做主语。,The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. (Joseph),我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没有。,An idea suddenly struck/occurred to/dawned on/ me.,His passion carried him astray.,他因感情冲动而误入歧途。,His illness kept her

7、 in hospital four weeks .,他因病在医院住了四个星期。,Dawn met him well along the way.,在东方欲晓的时候,他早已走了一大段路了。,The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the “New Redology”, represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Ping-bo.,1919年“五四”运动以后,开始了“新红学”时代,代表人物有胡适、俞平伯这样一些学者。,Memoranda were prepared in advance

8、 of private meetings on matters to be discussed.,在举行个别交谈之前,我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。,4. 顺向思维 vs 逆向思维,“您先请!” After you!,Back and forward vs 以前和以后:In measuring forwards from a point of time in the past, only the following construction is normal:(英语语法大全,P944) 当从过去某个时间向后算起时,下列结构才是常用的。 可是我们已经说到故事的后面去了。But we

9、 are getting ahead of the story.,毛泽东诗句“一桥飞架南北” A bridge will fly to span the north and south.,“九五折”: a five percent discount; “自学”: self-taught; “油漆未干”: wet paint; “乘客止步”: crew only.,A Comparison between Chinese and English Language,1. Subject-prominent language vs Topic-prominent language,English:

10、the grammatical units of Subject and Predicate are basic to the structure of sentences.(主语突出的语言) Chinese: the informational units of topic and comment are basic to the structure of sentences.(主题突出的语言),We shouldnt mention it any more.,这件事我们不要再提了。,The Chinese people have experienced too many of such s

11、ocial upheavals.,这样的社会动荡,中国人经历得太多了。,2. Hypotactic vs Paratactic,Hypotaxis (形合法) refers to the placement of related clauses, constructions, etc, in a series using connecting words, for example, I shall despair if you dont come. Parataxis (意合法)refers to the placement of related clauses, constructions,

12、 etc. in a series without the use of connecting words, e.g. Veni, vidi, vici. (I cam, I saw, I conquered.),天净沙(秋思)马致远 枯藤老树昏鸦。小桥流水人家。古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。,Tune: Tian Jing Sha Withered vines hanging on old braches, Returning crows croaking at dusk. A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge, And below the

13、 bridge a quiet creek running. Down a worn path, in the west wind, A lean horse comes plodding The sun dips down in the west And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world. (丁祖荫&Burton Raffel, trans),Directly I began to cross the Common I realized I had the wrong umbrella,我刚准备穿过公共草坪,就发觉自

14、己拿错了雨伞。(柯平译, 比较:当我刚开始穿越公共草坪的时候,我发觉我拿错了雨伞。),How is Hypotaxis Realized in English ?,2.1 关系词和连接词,如who, whose, which ,what, when, why, how, and, or, but, yet ,so, however, until, since, unless, lest,When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expe

15、ct, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.,为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢?我认为原因有二, 而两者之间又有深浅之分。,2.2 介词, with, to, in, of, about, between, through, inside, onto, upon, within, according to, along with, apart from, because of. 据G. Curme 统计,英语各类介词共约286个。,The man

16、y colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.,彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。,Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.,本节内容如有更改,均见本书末附录。,汉语重意合而不重形合,词语之间的关系常在不言之中,语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间。汉语的意合往往采取以下手段:,2.3

17、词序 人不犯我,我不犯人。 We will not attack unless we are attacked. 说是说了,没有结果。Ive made proposals, but they proved futile.,2. 4 反复、排比、对偶、对照等 他不来,我不去。If he wont come here, Ill not go there. 聪明一世,胡涂一时。 Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.,2.5 紧缩句。有饭大家吃。Let everybody shares the food if there is any. 不到黄河不死心。Unti

18、l all is over, ambition never dies.,2.6 四字格 不进则退 He who does not advance falls backward./ Move forward, or youll fall behind. 物极必反 Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable. 酒醉智昏: When wine is in, wit is out.,Summery of the first two differences: Subject vs To

19、pic prominent language信息结构 Hypotactic vs Paratactic句法结构,What light can these differences shed on the E-C translation?,Recall the first translation principle:遵循译语句法和惯用法规范,在英译中时适当运用主题句,突出信息主题;少用甚至不用形式连接手段,多以意义连接译文。,3. Complex vs. Simple(繁复与简短),“Subordination(从属结构), the placing of certain elements in m

20、odifying roles, is a fundamental principle of writing.”-Crews,据统计,对英语而言,专业作者写的句子平均长度为20个词,受过教育的人写的句子平均长度为25个词。而汉语以中短句居多,最佳长度为7至12字。,两种语言不同的造句方式,英语造句主要使用“楼房建筑法”(architecture style),句子一般有完整的结构,许多有关的成分通过各种表示关系和连接的手段组成关系词结集(conjunctive nexus),直接或间接的粘附在这个句子结构的里外,前后、左右或中间,整个句子成了庞大复杂的“建筑物”。,汉语主要采用“流水记事法”(c

21、hronicle style),常用分句或流水句来逐层叙述思维的各个过程(streamline the thoughts)。,根据上述英汉特点,英译汉是常常要破句重组,化繁为简。,In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.,门口放着一堆雨伞,少说也有十二把,五颜六色,大小不一。,Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?,我有一个问题弄不懂,想请教你,你能回答吗?,汉语的分句或流水句译成英语时,常常要

22、化简为繁,组合成复合句或长句。,因为距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会是与外界隔绝的。这种隔绝状态,由于通讯工具不足,就变得更加严重了。,The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.,原来悟空手疾眼快,正在那混乱之时,他拔下一根毫毛,叫声“变!”就变做他的本相。(吴承恩西游记),As Sun Wukong was deft of hand and quic

23、k of eye, he plucked one of the hairs from his body in the midst of the fray and shouted “Change!” It changed into his own double.,4. Impersonal vs Personal (物称与人称),回顾:语言的差异一般源于思维模式的差异:本体型思维与客体型思维,A prominent tendency in English: The writer and the reader are out of the picture, hiding themselves be

24、hind impersonal language. 英语较注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”;汉语注重“什么人怎么了”。,“什么风把你给吹来了?” “爱情把我们的心连在一起” “高山低头,河水让路”marked in Chinese, the frequency is low.,What has happened to you?你出什么事了? An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一个主意。 Not a sound reached our ears.我们没有听到任何声音。 A great elation overcame them.他们欣喜若狂。 Alarm began

25、 to take entire possession of him.他开始变得惊恐万状。,英语用非人称做主语的句子大体可以分为两大类:,4.1 用抽象名词和无生命的事物名称作主语,同时使用表示人的 动作和行为的动词作谓语。,Excitement deprived me of the sound of my footsteps.,我兴奋的什么话也说不出来了。,The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America.(P.Bromhead: Life in Modern America),从1840至1880

26、这四十年中,近一千万移民移居美国。,My good fortune has sent you to me, and we will never part. (H.Andersen: The little Mermaid),我很幸运,能够得到你,让我们永不分离吧。,汉译英时,用“物称”代替“人称”常常是一种译出地道英文的有效手段。,一看到那棵大树,我便想起了童年的情景。,The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.,近来忙于其他事务,未能早些复信,深感抱歉。,I am very sorry that the pressu

27、re of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.,凭良心讲, 你待我礼貌有加,我却受之有愧。,My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.,小梅心地善良,性情温和,对她朋友的这种没有心肝的行为,实在看不顺眼。,Xiaomeis kindly and gentle nature could not but revolt at her friends callous behaviour.,

28、4.2 用非人称代词 “it”做主语,It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest.我从来也没想到她这么不老实。,How is it with the sick man?那病人怎么样了?,It is a good horse that never stumbles, (Proverb),人有失误,马有失蹄。,It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession.,人总是在面临考验的关头,才发现自己的专长。,5. Passive vs Active (被动 vs 主动)

29、,被动语态在英语里是一种常见的语法现象。英语常用被动句主要有一下几方面的原因:,5.1 不需要、不可能或不便指明施事(agent),The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged.,Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken.,今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。,5.2 句法要求:为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心(end focus)和末端重量(end weight),以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达习

30、惯。,I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job.,他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。,而汉语被动的使用受到限制。古代汉语主要用“为” 字或”为所“结构。如论语”不为酒困“,杜甫”茅屋为秋风所破“。现代汉语主要用”被字式“,如”被捕“,”被杀“,”被压迫“等,辅以 “让”、“给”、“挨”、“受”、“遭”等词。,英语的被动句在译成汉语时常以变换主语,省略主语或采用通称或泛称(如“人”、“有人”、“人们”、“大家”、“某人”等方式译为主动句。,John actually loved Mary and was loved in ret

31、urn.,约翰真的爱玛丽,而玛丽也爱约翰。,Language is shaped by, and shapes, human thought.,人的思想形成了语言,而语言又形成了人的思想。,Care should be taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.,注意看看信的地址是否写对了。,He has often, not always justly, been accused of indecisiveness.,人们常常指责他优柔寡断,虽然这种指责并不总是公正的。,Voices are heard calling for he

32、lp.,有人听见呼救的声音。,6. Abstract vs Concrete (抽象与具体),RECALL:中西思维的差异(具象与抽象),英语的抽象表达法主要见于大量使用抽象名词。这类名词涵义概括,指称笼统,覆盖面广,往往有一种“虚”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”的“魅力”,便于表达复杂的思想和微妙的情绪。,抽象表达法在英语里使用得相当普遍,尤其常用于社会科学论著、官方文章、报刊评论、法律文书、商业信件等文体。,注意:过分使用名词会使文句冗长(wordy)、含糊(vague),缺乏活力(lifeless),许多英语文体家都反对滥用抽象表达法,主张多用生动活泼的动词来简化句子结构,增加表达的生气和活力

33、。George Orwell, “Politics and the English Language“ (1946),The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration.(Times)(It is becoming clear that the administrative system must be modified.),管理体制需要改革,这已越来越清楚了。,Was this the realization of an anticipated li

34、ability? (=Did you expect you would have to do this?),你有没有预料到你必需做这件事?,英译汉时可采取以下手段表达英语的抽象词义。,(1)用动词取代抽象名词,I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain. (N. Rigg),雨无情的下个不停,我感到惊异。,He had surfaced with less visibility in the policy decision. (B.Barnhart),在决策过程中,他已经不那么抛头露面了。,These problems defy

35、 easy classification.,这些问题难以归类。,(2)用范畴词使抽象概念具体化 范畴词(category words)用来表示行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴。,What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties.(Betrayed Spring),那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。,He discussed greatness and excellence.,他探讨了伟大和杰出的涵义。,Both we and the Chinese approached that first opening toward each ot

36、her with caution, uncertainty, even trepidation. (R. Nixon: The Real War),我们和中国人双方都是怀着谨慎、不安甚至是惶恐的心情来相互探讨这次初次接触的。,其他例子如: complexity 复杂性;arrogance 傲慢态度;eccentricity 古怪行为;light-heartedness轻松愉快的心情;lithonephrotomy 肾结石切除术等。,(3)用具体的词语阐释抽象的词义。,No country should claim infallibility. (The Sin-U.S. Joint Commu

37、nique),任何国家都不应自称一贯正确。,The stars twinkled in transparent clarity.,星星在清澈的星空中闪烁。,This rambling propensity strengthened with years.,岁月增添,游兴更浓。,(4)用形象性词语(如比喻、成语、谚语等)使抽象意义具体化,He was open now to charges of wilful blindness.,这时人们指责他装聋作哑。,He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.,他等着她来,急得象热锅上的蚂蚁。,

38、I talked to him with brutal frankness.,我对他讲的话,虽然逆耳,却是忠言。,Oh, but all the rules of self-preservation were broken when we saw that little face, filled with the terror of death, being sucked downstream.,是啊,不过一看见那张小脸带着害怕淹死的恐惧神情被激流越冲越远,我们就把明哲保身的金科玉律统统打破了。,总结:英汉对比与翻译,Subject-prominent language vs Topic-pr

39、ominent language (主语突出与主题突出) Hypotactic vs Paratactic (形合与意合) Complex vs. Simple(繁复与简短) Impersonal vs Personal (物称与人称) Passive vs Active (被动 vs 主动) Abstract vs Concrete (抽象与具体),英汉两种语言的不同特点对于翻译有何启示?,我们的翻译原则是什么?,回顾:遵循译语句法和惯用法规范,采取适当的变通和补偿手段,以保证特定上下文中最重要意义的优先传译为前提,尽可能多和正确地传递原语信息的多重意义,以争取原文和译文最大限度地等值。(柯

40、平),启示:根据英汉特点,正确的读取原文意义;翻译成汉语时,尽力遵循汉语的句法、惯用法和思维习惯,以提高译文的可读性,避免翻译腔。,一则翻译实例:,原文:Joseph Pulitzer (1847-1911) is American journalist and publisher, who created along with William Randolph Hearst a new and controversial type of journalism. Pulitzer saw himself as a crusader on the side of people and a spo

41、kesman for democracy(形合). He supported labor, attacked trusts and monopolies, and revealed political corruption. When journalism was not a respectable way of earning ones living, Pulitzer was committed to raising the standards of the profession. Pulitzer was the founder of Pulitzer Prizes. Today the

42、 most prestigious prize in American journalism is named after him.,原译:约瑟夫普利策是一位美国新闻记者和出版商,他和威廉伦道夫赫斯特两人都是美国一种全新而又充满争议的新闻业的缔造者。普利策把自己看作是站在人民一方的十字军战士(形合),是民主的代言人。他支持劳动,攻击托拉斯和垄断(抽象),揭示政治腐败。那时新闻业还不是一条体面的谋生之路,普利策决心提高新闻业的水准。普利策是普利策奖的创立者。今日美国最有声望的新闻奖即以他的名字命名。,改译:约瑟夫普利策是一名美国新闻记者和出版商,他和威廉伦道夫赫斯特一道缔造了全新而又充满争议的新

43、闻业。普利策把自己看作(不译为“自视为”)人民利益的捍卫者(意合)和民主代言人。他支持劳动者,攻击托拉斯主义和垄断行为(具体化),揭露(注意其语用意义)政治腐败。当时新闻业还不是一条体面的谋生之路,普利策决心提高新闻业的水准。他创立了普利策奖。这项以他的名字命名的新闻奖在今日美国新闻界享有最高声誉。(注意信息结构:旧新),REFERENCES 1. 包惠南文化语境与语言翻译 中国对外翻译出版公司 2001 2陈定安英汉比较与翻译 中国对外翻译出版公司 1998 3. 柯平 Contrastive Linguistics 南京师范大学出版社 1999 4. 连淑能 英汉对比研究 高等教育出版社 1993,

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