1、学术英语 医学,Academic English for Medicine,Unit 3,Prevention and Treatment of Diseases Despite the progress in medicine, many diseases are still untreatable and incurable. It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases. Here come some fundamental questi
2、ons: Which play a more important role in causing human diseases, genes or environmental factors? Why do people with good interpersonal relationships live healthier and longer? What are the major steps in developing a new drug? In this unit, we will probably find the answers to these questions.,Unit
3、3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Unit Contents,Lead-in,Text A,Text B,Text C,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Get reading for Unit 9,Lead-in,Issues to be covered Task,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Lead-in,Issues to be covered,The common and special means of treatment and prevention of d
4、iseases The different roles of genes and environment in causing diseases The relationship between interpersonal relationship and health The major steps in designing and developing new drugs,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Lead-in,Your experience when you fell ill last time,Time Visits to
5、 doctor Diagnosis Treatment,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Lead-in,Task: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Lead-in,Task: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of th
6、e following conditions.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Knowledge of the subject matter Useful expressionsSuggested answers,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentatio
7、n,1. How was Terrys life before she was diagnosed with (Pre. 1),loved practicing Tae Kwon Do loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments competed nationally, even winning a bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games attended medical school, practiced
8、as an internal medicine residency, became an academic general internist married and got a son and a daughter,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,2. How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? (Pre. 2),Symptoms as mentione
9、d by the authorloss of stamina and strength problems with balance bouts of horrific facial pain dips in visual acuity,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,2. How much do you know about MS and autoimmune disease? (Pre. 2),Cause as me
10、ntioned by the author the assault of immune cells on the brain, with possible origin in genetic make-up or/and combination of environmental factorsTreatment as mentioned by the author interferon and copolymer-1,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics f
11、or presentation,3. What did Terry do before she self-experimented? (Pre. 3),Picking up basic science such as cellular physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiology Reading articles about new MS drugs in animal models and neurodegeneration of all typesdementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou
12、 Gehrigs disease,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,4. What approaches did Terry mainly use to deal with neurodegeneration? (Pre. 4),self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports
13、 on animal models self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation still based on literature online search to identify the sources of micronutrients reduction of food allergy and toxic load,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for pres
14、entation,5. One example to illustrate the correlation between toxic load and disease (Pre. 5),With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than genetics, we can provide the real solution to many health problems and the hea
15、lth care crisis by changing our environment, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Knowledge of the subject matter,the surge of adrenaline (P55) medical school (P55) an internal medicine res
16、idency (P55) an academic general internist (P55) to develop a chronic disease (P55) I had only two options: accommodation and acceptance of deepening disability despite optimal treatment, or increased involvement in my own health care. (P55),Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critica
17、l reading and thinking,Knowledge of the subject matter,My doctor said that genetics accounted for only 10 to 30% of the risk of MS; the rest (?) was due to some combination of unknown environmental factors. (P56) He never told me what I could do to address those unknown factors, only offering interf
18、eron and copolymer-1 to reduce the risk of relapse. (P56) It was increasingly apparent that, with time, becoming bedridden due to my illness was inevitable. (P56),Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Knowledge of the subject matter,I began my own study of
19、the literature, reading article after article on PubMed, knowing that the seeds for todays clinical care were laid years, sometimes decades earlier in the basic science literature. (P56) At first, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. (P56) articles concerning neurodege
20、neration of all typesdementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs disease. (P56),Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Knowledge of the subject matter,I asked my physical therapist to let me have a test session. (P57) patient autonomy He told
21、me that e-stim (as he called it) was not an approved treatment for MS. (P57)paternalistic approach I returned to the literature. (P57) I turned eventually to Google. (P57)Which is more helpful and to what extent is Google a reliant source of medical information?,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Di
22、seases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Knowledge of the subject matter,I next looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (P57) Two stood out: food allergies and toxic load. (P57) I returned to the literature. (P57) F
23、ood allergies can cause a myriad of neurological and psychological symptoms, typically without any abdominal complaints, decades before diagnosis and are very difficult to identify. (P57),Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Useful expressions,bouts of hor
24、rific facial pain When I developed the foot drop, the diagnosis was made: multiple sclerosis (MS). He said that fewer relapses would mean less disability, a greater chance that Id still be walking, working, and living my life as I once knew it ten years later. so I translated mouse-sized doses to hu
25、man ones However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Useful expressions,there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles. so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However,
26、although my decline had slowed, I was still declining. there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles. It did hurt. A lot. I felt the best Id felt in years.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Useful expressions,My therapist implemen
27、ted a program of e-stim coupled with daily exercise. As good as the article was, it did not list all of the building blocks needed for optimal brain health. The medical literature didnt have that information, nor did the registered dieticians with whom I consulted, nor did I see it in the food scien
28、ce literature. But he did let me have a test session. I turned eventually to Google, which did help me, nutrient by nutrient, to understand where various micronutrients I was taking by pill each day were located in the food supply.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A Critical reading
29、and thinking,Useful expressions,Physician self-experimentation sometimes does not go as anticipated. The unthinkablethe unimaginablehappened, stunning me, my family, and my physicians. As a result, Ive changed how I practice medicine. Three years into my healing, I am again experimenting.,Unit 3 Pre
30、vention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,Suggested answers,Task 1 Overview,Critical reading and thinking,1. D 2. literature, nutrients, stimulation, micronutrients, environmental,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,Task 1/ Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its correspondin
31、g English term and Chinese equivalent.,pharmacotherapy,药物疗法,多态性,polymorphism,自体免疫的,autoimmune,copolymer,共聚物,adrenaline,肾上腺素,Suggested answers,Language building-up,2,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,sclerosis,硬化（症）,coenzyme,辅酶,herbicide,除草剂,internist,内科医生,trial,试验,Task1 / Medical te
32、rminology Match each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.,Suggested answers,2,Language building-up,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,Sequence,Language building-up,Suggested answers,next Then, Ultimately At first, Eventuall
33、y Now,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,Ultimately,1
34、Jogging left me first. _, standing for any time became difficult. _, despite my use of the most current pharmacotherapies, walking and even sitting was tiring, so I needed a tilt-recline wheelchair. (Para. 5),2 _, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. _, realizing I cou
35、ld not access those drugs unless I was in a clinical trial, I turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types dementia, Parkinsons disease, Huntingtons, and Lou Gehrigs disease. (Para. 8),Then,At first,Eventually,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost langu
36、age,The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,Now,3 Determined to optimize everything I could to help my brain heal, I _ looked more deeply
37、 at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (Para. 15),4 _ I focus on teaching my patients how to optimize their nutrition, reduce their toxic load, and reduce their risk of food allergies. (Para. 19),next,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of
38、 Diseases,Text A,Task 3 / Formal English,Paraphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,Many things have happened since then. I went to a medical school, completed an internal medicine residency, and became a mother of a son and a daug
39、hter.,2. When I manifested symptoms of the foot drop, I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.,3. He nevertheless allowed me a test session. It did hurt severely as he previously told me.,4. I am again experimenting three years after my healing. The only difference is that this time it is an IRB-app
40、roved protocol instead of self-experimentation.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text A,Additional activity,Group presentationAs an emerging branch of science, Social Neuroscience is unfamiliar and mysterious to many people. Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get
41、 ready for a presentation in class. The following prompts may be helpful to you: the definition of Social Neuroscience the mechanism through which brain-to-brain link works the application of social neuroscience to treatment of diseases the prospects of Social Neuroscience,Unit 3 Prevention and Trea
42、tment of Diseases,Text B,Critical reading and thinking Suggested answers,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,1. the friends relationship with his students (P37),He was not just inspiring in class but taking a genuine interest in themin their studies, thei
43、r progress through life, their fears and hopes. A wide circle of former students count themselves among his lifelong friends; He and his wife have always welcomed a steady stream of visitors to their home.,Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partne
44、r.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,2. the discovery of mirror neurons(P66),Mirror neurons, a widely dispersed class of brain cells that operate like neural WiFi, track the emotional flow, movement and even intentions of the person we are with, and rep
45、licate this sensed state in our own brain by stirring in our brain the same areas active in the other person. Mirror neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagion.,Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,Unit 3 Prevention
46、and Treatment of Diseases,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,3. Diamond and Aspinwalls research (PP 66),Psychologists at the University of Utah Reviewed research data about coordination of emotions, cardiovascular reactions or brain states between mothers with their infants, marital partners argui
47、ng and even among people in meetings in the past few decades. Offered the infelicitous term “a mutually regulating psychobiological unit” to describe the merging of two discrete physiologies into a connected circuit. Argue/conclude that emotional closeness allows the biology of one person to influen
48、ce that of the other.,Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,4. significance of Cacioppos research (PP 66),Director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuros
49、cience at the University of Chicago Proposed that the emotional status of our main relationships has a significant impact on our overall pattern of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activity. This theory radically expands the scope of biology and neuroscience from focusing on a single body or brain to looking at the interplay between two at a time.,Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.,Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases,
