1、学术英语 医学,Academic English for Medicine,Unit 8,Principles of Biomedical Ethics Doctors and biomedical researchers make tough decisions that have to be morally justifiable every day. Biomedical ethics provides moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and practice of medici
2、ne. It encompasses philosophy , sociology, theology, and practical applications in clinical settings.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Unit Contents,Lead-in,Text A,Text B,Text C,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Get reading for Unit 9,Lead-in,Issues to be covered Task,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical
3、Ethics,Lead-in,Issues to be covered,the boundaries between medical research and practice the moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and medical practice the ethical justification of dilemmas in medical practice,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Lead-in,Difference
4、s between medicine from other branches of natural science,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Lead-in,Core terms to know in relation to medical ethics,Autonomy Beneficence Non-Maleficence Euthanasia Informed consent Confidentiality Ethics committees,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Lead-in,
5、Task: Watch a video clip and put down the issues mentioned by the host. Then share with a partner your perspectives about these issues.,death,patient rights,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Useful expressions Difficult sentencesLangu
6、age building-up Signpost language Vocabulary testSuggested answers,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,1. How are research and practice related to each other? (Pre. 1),Blurred distinction Cooccurrence of research and practice like in re
7、search designed to evaluate a therapy Notable departures from standard practice as “experimental” with the terms “experimental” and “research” carelessly defined,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,1. How are research and practice relat
8、ed to each other? (Pre. 1),Practice: interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success. to provide diagnosis, preventive treatment or therapy to particular individuals,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Crit
9、ical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,1. How are research and practice related to each other? (Pre. 1),Research: an activity to test hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge expressed in theories, principles, and statemen
10、ts of relationships,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Useful expressions,The distinction between research and practice is blurred partly because and partly because notable departures from,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,2. What is the principle of res
11、pect for persons? (Pre. 2) (In Diagram P194),Topics for presentation,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics for presentation,2. What is the principle of respect for persons? (Pre.2) (In Diagram P194) (In text),Two Ethic
12、al Convictions & Two Moral RequirementsAutonomy: Individuals treated as autonomous agents-Voluntary involvement in the research-Adequate informationProtection: Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A Critical reading and thinking,Topics f
13、or presentation,2. What is the principle of respect for persons? (Pre.2) (In Diagram P194) (In text),Two Ethical Convictions & Two Moral RequirementsAn Instructive Example: prisoners involved in research-Not be deprived of the opportunity to volunteer for research-Be subtly coerced or unduly influen
14、ced to engage in research activities for which they would not otherwise volunteer,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Useful expressions,be treated as autonomous agents persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection A provides an instructive example prisoners not be deprived o
15、f the opportunity to volunteer for research for which they would not otherwise volunteer,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Topics for presentation,3 What is the principle of beneficence? (Pre.3) (In Diagram P194),Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principl
16、es of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Topics for presentation,3 What is the principle of beneficence? (Pre. 3) (In text),Critical reading and thinking,Such treatment falls under the principle of beneficence. The term “beneficence“ is often understood to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond stri
17、ct obligation.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Topics for presentation,4 What is the principle of beneficence? (Pre. 4),Critical reading and thinking,“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethicsExtension of it to the realm of research by Claude BernardBenefits and risks as
18、 a set “duet” in both medical practice and research -Exposure to the risks in the processes of learning what is harmful or beneficial,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Topics for presentation,5. The principle of justice? (Pre. 5) (In Diagram P194),Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Pri
19、nciples of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Topics for presentation,5 What concrete examples can be given to illustrate the principle of justice? (Pre. 5),Critical reading and thinking,Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden-Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: who should be en
20、rolled and who should not?Equal treatment of equals-Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,6 What is informed consent and its application? (Pre. 6),Text A,Topics for presentation,Critical reading an
21、d thinking,Definition: the opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them Application-A process rather than signing a written form-Adequate information as the premise-A well-informed decision as the expected result,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Assessment of Risks and Benefits
22、,Text A,Topics for presentation,Critical reading and thinking,A careful arrayal of relevant data Alternative ways of obtaining the benefits sought in the research-The assessment presents both an opportunity and a responsibility to gather systematic and comprehensive information about proposed resear
23、ch.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Assessment of Risks and Benefits,Text A,Topics for presentation,Critical reading and thinking,For the investigator-A means to examine whether the proposed research is properly designed For a review committee-A method for determining whether the risks that w
24、ill be presented to subjects are justified For prospective subjects-Assisting the determination whether or not to participate.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Topics for presentation,7. What are the considerations involved in selection of human subjects in research? (Pre. 7),Critical r
25、eading and thinking,Requirement for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice-At the individual level: fairness-At the social level: distinction
26、 between classes,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Topics for presentation,7. What are the considerations involved in selection of human subjects in research? (Pre. 7),Critical reading and thinking,More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justiceAt the individual lev
27、el: fairnessthey should not offer potentially beneficial research only to some patients who are in their favor or select only “undesirable“ persons for risky research. At the social level: distinction between classesthere is an order of preference in the selection of classes of subjects (e.g., adult
28、s before children) and that some classes of potential subjects (e.g., the institutionalized mentally infirm or prisoners) may be involved as research subjects, if at all, only on certain conditions.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Useful expressions,Just as the principle of respect for
29、 persons finds expression in the requirements for consent, and the principle of beneficence in risk/benefit assessment, the principle of justice gives rise to moral requirements that there be fair procedures and outcomes in the selection of research subjects.,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Pri
30、nciples of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Difficult sentences,Almost all commentators allow that distinctions based on experience, age, deprivation, competence, merit and position do sometimes constitute criteria justifying differential treatment for certain purposes.,Critical reading and thinking,几乎所有的评论
31、员承认，出于特定目的，进行差异化对待的标准可以包括有无经验、年龄大小、是否贫困、有无能力、功过大小和地位高低等因素的差异。,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,human_ (人体研究对象) _research(生物医学研究) accepted _(公认的治疗) a formal _ (正式方案) the principle of _ (有利原则) the principle of _ (公正原则) _ agents(有自主能力的行为者) _autonomy(自主性减弱) be _ risk of harm (使面临受害危险) Hippocratic_
32、(希波克拉底誓言) fairness in _(分配的公正性) informed_(知情同意) fair _ and outcomes (公正的程序和结果）,Text A Language Building-up,Vocabulary Test,subject,biomedical,therapy,protocol,beneficence,justice,autonomous,diminished,exposed to,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Oath,distribution,consent,procedures,Text A,Sugge
33、sted answers,Task 1 Overview Complete the following diagram with the missing information about basic ethical principles.,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 1/ Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equiva
34、lent.,prescription,处方，惯例,生物医学的,biomedical,预防的,preventive,volunteer,志愿者,injustice,不公正,Suggested answers,Language building-up,2,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,beneficence,善意，仁慈，善行,infirm,虚弱的，体弱的,systematic,系统的,investigator,研究员,autonomous,自主的,Task1 / Medical terminology Match each defini
35、tion with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.,Suggested answers,2,Language building-up,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,Defining,Language building-up,Suggested answers,Definitions can serve different purposes: to introduce unfamiliar words,
36、to coin new words, or to introduce a new meaning to a familiar word; to explain, illustrate, or disclose important aspects of difficult concepts; to reduce vagueness and eliminate ambiguity.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,Defining,Language building-up,Sugges
37、ted answers,Three most common forms of definition by example by synonym, and analytical definition.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,Defining,Language building-up,Suggested answers,Signals and clue words to indicate definitions By “”, I mean mean refer to desc
38、ribe be understood as designate be defined as be same as,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,The following sentences are taken from Text A, and all the signpost languages indicating definition have been removed. Complete the sentences and then compare your answer
39、s with the original sentences in Text A.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,For the most part, the term “practice” _ interventions that are designed to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success. (para.2) By contrast, the term “res
40、earch” _ an activity designed to test a hypothesis, permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge.(para.2) The expression “basic ethical principles_ those general judgments that serve as a basic justification for the many particular ethical prescript
41、ions and evaluations of human actions.(para.3),refers to,refers to,designates,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 2 / Signpost language,The following sentences are taken from Text A, and all the signpost languages indicating definition have been removed. Complete the sentences and the
42、n compare your answers with the original sentences in Text A.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,The term “beneficence” _to cover acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation.(para.6)This is a question of justice, _ of “fairness in distribution” or “what is deserved”.(para.8),is
43、often understood,in the sense,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Task 3 / Formal English,Paraphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,The distinction between research and practice is blurred partly because both often occur
44、 together. (para.1),2. Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection. (para.4),People with reduced autonomy have the right for protection.,Its hard to find the differences between research and practice partly because both often go along with each.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics
45、,Text A,Task 3 / Formal English,Paraphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.,Language building-up,Suggested answers,3. The involvement of prisoners as subjects of research provides an instructive example. (para.5),4. Whether to allow prisoners to “volunteer” or to “protec
46、t” them presents a dilemma. (para.5),It is a dilemma whether to allow prisoners to “volunteer” or to “protect” them.,The use of prisoners as subjects of research is a good example.,5. Another way of conceiving the principle of justice is that equals ought to be treated equally. (para.8),Another way
47、to understand the principle of justice is that equal people ought to be treated equally.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text A,Additional activity,Group presentationMedical authority and patients autonomy have to be balanced in making medical decisions. Traditionally, doctors played a domina
48、nt role in decision making. However, in medical context today, respect for a patients autonomy is considered a fundamental ethical principle. Conduct a survey and find out a case in which a patients autonomy is taken into consideration. The following prompts may be helpful to you.1.You may first bri
49、efly describe the case. 2.Who made the medical decision? 3.How did the doctor and the patient keep balance in medical decision making? 4.Give your comments on the case.,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical reading and thinking Language building-up Suggested answers,Unit 8 Principles of Biomedical Ethics,Text B,Critical Reading and Thinking,
