1、- 1 -一、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an） ，定冠词（the） ，和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法1 指一类人或事，相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。3 表示“每一”相当于 every，one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 Hello, could I spea
2、k to Mr. Smith?Sorry, wrong number. There isnt_ Mr. Smith here.A. 不填 B. a C. the D. oneThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）6 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用于 so(as, too, h
3、ow)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.9 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词 )a success(具体化) 成功的人或事a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识- 2 -II. 定冠词的用法1 表示某一类人或物In many places in China, _ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportati
4、on.A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door?4 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” （对比上文的不定冠词用法 5）Could you tell me the w
5、ay to _ Johnsons, please?Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented
6、in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990s(二十世纪九十年代 )11 用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder.- 3 -III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this bo
7、ok, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与 by 连用表示交通方式的名词前We went right round to the west coast by _ sea instead of driving across _ contin
8、ent.A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.- 4 -II. 名词的数规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es （参看有关语法书） 。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表规 则 例 词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-ge
9、ese, mouse-mice2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, populati
10、on, crew, team, public, enemy, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩 ), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese7
11、表示“某国人” 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches8 合成名词将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants- 5 -III. 主谓一致规则情 况 举 例以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓
12、语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm.To study English well is not easy.Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.What he said is very important for us all.由 what 引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或 what 从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。what I bought were three English books.What I say and do is (are
13、) helpful for you.Lucy and Lily are twinsThe writer and artist has come.Every student and every teach is in the classroom.Many a boy and many a girl likes it.No boy and no girl likes it.由连接词 and 或 bothand 连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由 and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有 no, each, every 或 m
14、ore than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或 no+单数名词和由 some, any no, every 构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter若 none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。N
15、one of the sugar was left.None of us has (have) been to America.语法一致原则 在定语从句里，关系代词 that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.- 6 -在强调句型中
16、应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式The police are looking for the lost child.The cattle are eating grass in the field.His family has moved to the south .(他的一家)His family are watching TV.（他的
17、家人）Class four is on the third floor.（四班）Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）由 a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。There are a lot of people in the classroom.Three-fourths of the surface of
18、the earth is sea.50 percent of the students in our class are girls.此外，还有 a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数） ，但 the number of +复数名词的数就得依 number 而定（用单数） 。A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.The number of pages in this book is three hundred.在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There com
19、es the bus. On the wall are many pictures.Such is the result. Such are the facts.Between the two hills stands a monument.逻辑意义一What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。Which is your bag? Which are your bags?Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?All can be done has
20、been done. All is going well.All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.- 7 -表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。Thirty minutes is enough for the workTwenty pounds is too dear.如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式Forty kilos of water are used every day.若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。T
21、he United States is smaller than China.“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。 One and a half apples is left on the table.一些学科名词是以-ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及 news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。The paper wo
22、rks was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于 1990年。I dont think physics is easy to study.trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀) 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有 a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes 被 a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。My glasses are broken.The pair of shoes under the bed is his.致原则“定冠词 the+形容词或分词 ”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东
23、西时，动词用单数。The old are taken good care of there.The beautiful gives pleasure to all.当两个主语由 either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致, 即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither they nor he is wholly right.Is neit
24、her he nor they wholly right?就近/远一致原则there be 句型中 be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由 and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room.- 8 -主语后面跟有 with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, bes
25、ides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus.Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.She, like you and Tom, is very tall.The girls as well as the boy have learned to spe
26、ak Japanese.No one except my teachers knows anything about it.- 9 -II. 不定代词用法注意点类 别 区 别 例 句one 可以泛指人或者事（东西） ，其复数为 onesWeve been looking at the houses but havent found _ we like yet.A.one B.ones C.it D.themCars do cause us some health problems in fact far more serious _ than mobile phones do.A.one B.
27、ones C.it D.thosesome 可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等Your coffee smells great! Its from MexicoWould you like _?A.it B.some C.this D.1ittlesome 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时，some 表示某个，any 表示任何一个I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. Which of the three ways shall I take to th
28、e village?_way as you please.A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Eitherone, some，any 和 itone 指同类中的一个， it 指代同一种类的东西。此外 it 还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ?No, Id rather buy in the bookstore.A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it- 10 -some 多用于肯定句，any 多用于疑
29、问句和否定句Theres _cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get _.A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,anyWe had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for _.A.none B.either C.any D.eachHe doesnt have _ furniture in his room -just an old desk.A. any
30、 B. many C. some D. mucheach 和everyeach 强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而 every 强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上Each student has a pocket dictionary.Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.none 和 nono 等于 not any，作定语。non
31、e作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.other 和anotherother 泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every otherweek, someother reason, no other way,the other 特指两者中的另外一个，复数为 the ot
32、hersBoth sides have accused of breaking the contract.A. another B. the other C. neither D. eachTwo students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.- 11 -another 指“又一个，另一个 ”无所指，复数形式是 others，泛指“别的人或事”We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so lets have _ one this monthAthe o
33、ther Bsome Canother DotherThe trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.either 和neither前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都） ；后者意思为：两者都 Do you want tea or coffee? _, I really dont mind.A. none B. neither C. either D. allIt was hard for him to lea
34、rn English in a family, in which _ of the parents spoke the language.A. none B. neither C. both D. each- 12 -四、形容词和副词I. 形容词1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置1 修饰 some, any, every, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible2 以-able, -ible 结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的名词之后 the best book
35、 available, the only solution possible3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等作定语时后置 the only person awake4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with7 enough 修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置_to take his adventure course will
36、 certainly learn alot of useful skills.(NMET2000)A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave studentsC.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。规则：限定语（The、A） + 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料
37、）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。This _ girl is Lindas cousin. (05 北京卷)A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish- 13 -III. 形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er 和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和 most。项 目 例 句同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as She is as tall as her
38、mother.I am not as/ so good a player as you are.双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+ than） ”的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。This picture is more beautiful than that one.I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one).表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方随另一方
39、变化时用“the morethe more”句型The harder you work, the more progress you will make用比较级来表达最高级的意思I have never spent a more worrying day.我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。（意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。 ）倍数的表达表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old o
40、ne.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍
41、以上，两倍可以用 twice 或double.注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior 等。七、非谓语动词- 14 -非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语补足语 定语 状语现在分词 V-ing 形式动名词 不定式（to do） 过去分词(done) 注
42、：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分generally speaking 一般说来；frankly speaking 坦白地说；judging from/by.根据来判断；considering./taking.into consideration 考虑到；to tell you the truth 说实话；seeing.考虑到 ；supposing 假设，如果；providing 如果；given 考虑到，鉴于；provided that 如果非谓语动词的形式变化构成语态非谓语形式 时态主动 被动 复合结构 否定式一般式 to do to be done进行式 to have don
43、e to have been done完成式 to be doing /不定式完成进行式to have been doing /for sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加 not或 never一般式 doing being done动名词 完成式 having done having been donesb.或 sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加 not特别注意复合结构的否定式：sbs not doingsbs not having done现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加 not- 15 -非谓语语法功能的比较做宾语的非谓语
44、动词比较情况 常用动词只接不定式做宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happenmind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语feel like, succ
45、eed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick tobegin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行
46、为）意义基本相同 need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）意义相反 stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）go on to do（接着做另外一件事）go on doing（接着做同一件事）try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）mean to do（打算做，企图
47、做）mean doing （意思是，意味着）两者都可以 意义不同cant help （to） do（不能帮忙做）cant help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done 被认为已经做了considerto be 认为是consider doing 考虑做某事- 16 -非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage不定式have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, ma
48、ke主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成I asked to be sent to the countryside.I heard him call me several times.现在分词主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.过去分词notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别分 类 区 别 例 句不定式与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.I havent decided which hotel to stay at.(介词 at不能丢)动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall
