语言学 historical linguistics

1、 many fields of research (e.g. psychology, sociology, philosophy), so its not surprising if you find it difficult at the beginning.Its a must for language students to learn something about linguistics and very important for those who want to do further study after graduation.The course will be given mainly in English, but in Chinese when necessary.,The Goals for this Course,To get a scientific view on language; To understand some basic theories on linguistics; To understand the applications of。

2、r 5 Meaning (semantics) Chapter 6 Language in Use (pragmatics) Chapter 7 Language, Culture, and Society Chapter 8 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics,。

3、言的起源和功能）Main branches of linguistics study（语言学研究的范围和内容）Important distinctions in linguistics（语言学的一些重要区分）,1. Why Study Language?,Adults find it more difficult to learn a new language because the capacity of their brains to do so has failed. You already have to be intelligent before you can learn another language.You cant really learn a language without enrolling in a school.Some languages are better than others.,You cant learn two languages at the same time . You cant become proficient in for。

4、man experiences of the world and the way they perceive and conceptualize the world.,Main Points in Cognitive Linguistics,Construal and Construal Operations Categorization Image Schemas Metaphor Metonymy Blending Theory,Construal and Construal Operations,Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground segregation, etc. Attention/ Salience Judgment/Comparison Perspecti。

5、aussure, there are three schools of structuralism: In America, we have American structuralism, which is formalism in nature In Europe, there are two functional schools: The Prague School The Copenhagen School,1.1 A Historical View of systemic functional linguistics,Common Features of functionalism: Functionalism is naturalism, stressing the natural and rational nature of language. Functionalism studies language from an encoding or Speakers point of view; Functionalism stresses the constraining 。

6、iness; duality; productivity; displacement; cultural transmission,4,2. some important distinctions in linguistics Descriptive vs. prescriptive Synchronic vs. diachronic langue & parole Competence and performance Traditional grammar and modern linguistics,5,3. Definition Language Linguistics,6,1. What is Linguistics? The field of linguistics, the scientific study of human natural language, is a growing and exciting area of study, with an important impact on fields as diverse as education, a。

7、nship between Language and World View 2 Relationship between Language and Culture 3 Relationship between Language & Cultural Differences 4 Significance of Cultural Linguistics,1 Relationship between Language and World View,1）The world is a kaleidoscope of language symbols.2）Human beings, unlike animals, must face the outside world via language. Actually, the relationship between human beings, the world and language is as following:,Language,World- - - - - Human Beings,Linguistic world i。

8、m language birth.to language death Creoles: the “newest” languages in the world today are the result of creolization 1970s: Nicaraguan sign language 1850s: Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea) 1770s: Seselwa (Seychelles, Madagascar),From language birth.to language death Creoles: some are becoming national languages (Tok Pisin), others are, like conventional languages, dying out. Why do languages die?Loss of native speakers: cultural transmission ends when there are no children learning it- al。