胡壮麟版语言学教程-第四章

1、 Linguistics 1.8 Macrolinguistics 1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics,1.1 Why Study Language?,1.Children learn their native language swiftly,efficiently and without instruction. 2.Language operates by rules. 3.All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics. 4.Everyone speaks a dialect. 5.Language slowly changes. 6.Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons. 7.Languages are intimately related to the。

2、ech sounds: phonetics and phonology Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. Three branches of phonetics: Articulatory phonetics 发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of depart。

3、 occur in a clause.Positional relation or word order refers to the sequential（有序的） arrangement of words in a language.Positional relation are a manifestation(表现）of one aspect of syntagmatic relations Word order is among the three basic ways (word order genetic and classification) to classify language words.Six possible types of language SVO VSO SOV OVS VOS English is SVO.4.1.2 relation of substitutability(可代替性）Firstly relation of substitutability refers to classes or sets of words substitutable 。

4、Chapter 4 Syntax 1 Immediate Constituent Analysis 直接成分分析法 Definition It may be defined as the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents word groups or phrases which are in turn ana。