1、动词,动词的种类,根据不同的分类方式，动词可分为不同的类型。 根据句法功能分类 实义动词： 不及物动词： go, walk, die, smile 及物动词：ask，love, hate, say, eat, dress 连系动词：be, become, turn, get, look, appear, seem, sound, fell, taste, smell 助动词：be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, 情态动词：can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, have to, will,动词的种类
2、,根据意义分类 状态动词：love, hate, like, dislike, think, guess, stand, lie, sit 动作动词 延续性动词：live, sit, stand, work, walk, learn, keep 非延续性动词：die, finish, join, leave, come, go run,动词的种类,实义动词：实义动词是指具有完整意义，可以单独作谓语的动词，主要表示注定的动作，状态和品质。实义动词主要包括不及物动词和及物动词两类。 不及物动词指的是后面不能跟宾语的动词。在英语中大多数动词既可做及物动词，又可做不及物动词，纯不及物动词很少。常见的纯
3、不及物动词有： 出现 appear 到达 arrive 来 come 去 go 跑 run 走 walk 死 die 落下fall 发生 happen 升高;站起来 rise 停留 stay 坐 sit 躺 lie 站立 stand 流动 flow 道歉 apologize,动词的种类,及物动词 能跟宾语的动词成为及物动词，可分为单宾语的及物动词，跟双宾语的及物动词和跟复合宾语的及物动词 常见的跟单宾语的及物动词： 借borrow 喜欢enjoy 放put 使担心worry 忘记forget 猜测guess 热爱love 运用use,动词的种类,常见的跟双宾语的及物动词 有些双宾语及物动词后的
4、间接宾语位于直接宾语后时，间接宾语前要加to， 其中to侧重指动作的方向，表示“朝着，向着，对着。” offer提供 give给 hand递 pass递 pay付款 read读 return返还 sell卖 show展示 teach教 tell告诉 post 邮寄,动词的种类,有些双宾语及物动词后的间接宾语位于直接宾语后时，间接宾语前要加for， 其中for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示“为了，替” buy 买 choose 选择 draw 画find 发现，找到 cook做饭 fetch （去）拿来 make 制作，做 I will find you another chance. I will
5、 find another chance for you.,动词的种类,有些双宾语及物动词的间接宾语只能放在直接宾语前面 do 做 play 表演 read 读 get 得到 sing唱歌 bring 带来 I will get you some tea. I will get some tea tofor you.,动词的种类,有些双宾语及物动词的间接宾语只能放在直接宾语前面 ask问 cost 花费 wish 祝愿 He asked me some questions. He asked me some questions. I wish you a happy journey.,动词的种
6、类,常见的跟复合宾语的及物动词 英语中有些动词只跟一个宾语意义不完整， 宾语后必须再加上补足语，来补充说明宾语的性质，状态等。 可跟形容系短语作补足语的动词。 believe相信，认为 drive 驱赶；使 find get使 keep使保持 leave 留下 make 使 consider 认为 We all believe him honest and kind.,动词的种类,可跟名词短语作补足语的动词 call叫 name命名 appoint 任命 make 任命；使成为 We consider him as a strange person.,动词的种类,可跟带to的不定时作补足语的动
7、词 advise 建议allow 允许 ask 要求 expect 期望 invite 邀请 get 使 order 命令 tell 告诉 teach 教 remind 提醒 warn 警告 want 想要 Mother often tells me to make friends carefully.,动词的种类,可跟“to be +名词或形容词”作补足语的动词 believe 认为 consider 认为feel 感觉 find 发现 suppose 猜测 prove 证明 declare 宣布 think 认为 I believe what you said to be true.,动词
8、的种类,可跟不带to的不定式作补足语的动词。（这些动词在变为被动结构时，不定式做宾补必须加to） have 使 make 使 let 让 see 看见 notice 注意到 feel 感受到 watch 注视 observe 观察 discover 发现 hear 听见 What made you think of that? Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.,特别提示,make 作“使，使得”讲时， 一般用作“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构，常用的句型有： A. make sbsth +形容词v-ed 形式意为“使某人某物”此结构中的形容词多为表示
9、情感的词（happy， sad, tired, worried）或表示状态的词（rich，strong, ill, nervous等） Spring make people happy. B.“make sbsth +名词”意为“使某人某物成为” They all want to make Jim monitor. C. make sb do sth 使某人做某事 His mother made him study hard. D. make sbsth done 使某人某事物被 To make himself understood, he tried to give the talk in
10、simple English.,动词的种类,可用v-ing形式作补足语的动词 see 看见 hear 听见 keep 保持 catch 发现 find 发现 have 使 watch 注视 observe 观察 discover 发现 get 使 feel 感受到 notice 注意到 Can you hear someone playing the piano next door? The boy was last seen playing by the riverside.,动词的种类,可用v-ed形式作补足语的动词 have 使 get 使 make 使 find 发现 I couldn
11、t make myself heard by all the listeners.,动词的种类,可跟“asfor”等引起的介词短语作补足语的动词。 regard 看作 consider 认为 use 当作用 keep 把当作 You can keep this book as your own.,动词的种类,可跟副词作补足语的动词 ask 要求，让 get 使 find发现 let让show带领 see看见 order命令 invite邀请 Can I ask Bob in? Show the visitor in, please.,连系动词,连接主语和表语，表示主语身份，性质，状态的动词，成
12、为连系动词。连系动词有一定的词意，但不完整，不能单独作谓语，必须和表语连用，构成系表结构。 a.状态连系动词 用来表示主语的状态，性质，身份。常用的有be She is a good swimmer.,连系动词,持续性系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态或情况。 stand 持续 lie 保持 keep 保持 stay 保持 continue 继续 remain 保持 The weather continued hot after the rain. The house stood empty for years.,连系动词,表象连系动词 用来表示看起来这一概念的词。 seem 看起来 ap
13、pear 看起来 He seems to be very angry.,连系动词,感官连系动词 用来表示人的感觉的一类动词。 look 看起来 feel 摸起来，taste 尝起来，smell 闻起来 sound 听起来。 They look cool. What food tastes delicious?,连系动词,表示转变或结果的连系动词 become变得 get变的 grow长得 turn变得 go变得 fall变成 prove证明 Children fall asleep easily. The weather is becoming warmer and warmer as spr
14、ing is coming.,延续性动词和非延续性动词,延续性动词。 延续性动词表是一种可以持续的行为的过程或状态。 常见的有： drink eat fly have keep know lie躺 live play rain read run sing sleep smoke snow stand talk wait walk wear work write sit,延续性动词和非延续性动词,非延续性动词 非延续性动词表示行为或过程是短暂瞬间完成的，常见的有： arrive begin borrow buy break close come die fall go hit jump leav
15、e lose marry open put start stop join,延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法区别,A.延续性动词可用表示一段时间的状语修饰，而非延续性动词不可以。 How long can I keep the book? They will work here till next Friday. B.有时，非延续性动词也能同表示一段时间的状语搭配。这种表示一段时间的状语，实质上是表示一段时间内的某个时间“点。” The performance will start in the half an hour. The fire broke out during the night.
16、,延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法区别,C.非延续性动词不在while引导的时间状语从句中作谓语。(判断例句正误) While I came home, she was cooking dinner. When I came home, she was cooking dinner. D.延续性动词表是一时的动作时，可以在该动词前加getbegin to等。 When did you get to know him? They began to see that they had made a serious mistake. E. 非延续性动词的否定形式可以用表示一段时间的状语。 We hav
17、ent come here for ages. The rain hasnt stopped since three hours ago.,延续性动词和非延续性动词的对照,情态动词,情态动词本身有各种意义，但不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语，表示说话的语气，情绪，态度，这样的动词成为情态动词。情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化。,Can 和could的用法,Can 和could的用法,A.表示能力 Can一般指体力，知识，技能等方面，即“能够，会”，could表示过去的能力。 Can you play basketball? No, I cant I couldnt speak well
18、 until I was five years old.,Can 和could的用法,Can 与 be able to Can 与be able to 表示泛指过去的能力时，二者通用。 I couldwas able to swim well when I was only six years old. 指过去某时或某个时刻设法做成某事不用could，用waswere able to. I could hardly understand her Japanese, but I was able to read her face. Be able to 有更多的时态，而can只有一般现在时与一般
19、过去时两种。 If you travel in almost any other country in the world, you will still be able to use english.,Can 和could的用法,B.表示推测 意为可能，与may 同义；could既可以表示过去的可能性，也可以表示现在的可能性，比can的程度要弱。一般can用于否定句和疑问句，could用于否定句，疑问句，肯定句均可。 Who canmay it be? It is so late. It couldnt be uncle wang. He wont be back that time in
20、the evening.,Can 和could的用法,表示请求、允许 can与may的意思差不多，但在日常口语中较常用can；could 不表示过去，只表示委婉地提出请求，想法，建议等，回答以它开头的问句是用can。 You canmay take both, if you want. Could you tell me the way to the post office? CANCOULD I ASK YOU A QUESTION? OF COURSE, YOU CAN.,MAY和might的用法,MAY和might的用法,A. 表示请求，允许 may和might表示“许可”比can和co
21、uld更正式。Might含有试探和犹豫不决的意思。表示给予许可时，一般用may不用might；may not用来表示拒绝或禁止。 May might I have a few words with your manager, please? I think you may drive my car, but be carful. Students may not stay out after midnight.,MAY和might的用法,B.表示推测 May表示的可能性比can小， might可做may的过去式，也可用替代may说明现在的情况，可能性比may小。 We may go campi
22、ng this Saturday. Peter might phone. if he does, could you ask him to ring later? May not 指可能不；cannot指不可能。 He may come or may not come. I am not sure about that. He cant believe your so-called excuses.,Must 和have to 的用法,must的否定形式为must not，其缩略形式为mustnt，只有一种时态形式。Have to 可用于多种时态形式，其否定式，疑问式都要借助助动词构成。Hav
23、e to的各种形式如下。（人称以you和she为例）,Must 和have to 的用法,A.表示必须 Must表示“必须，一定要”，多指现在或将来的情况，指说话人的主观语气。其否定形式mustnt表示“一定不要，绝对不可以。” I must go now, or I will be late. You must be here by ten oclock. You mustnt speak like that.,Must 和have to 的用法,must更强调说话者的主观意愿；have to强调客观上的必要性，常翻译为“不得不”。 I have to be off now. my mum
24、is expecting me. You dont have to get up early. 表示必须时，含must的问句，其肯定回答仍然用must。否定回答则用neednt或dont have to. Must I go with them? Yes, you must.,Must 和have to 的用法,B. must 表示推测 Must用在肯定句中，表示对一件事情非常有把握的推测，意为“一定，肯定”。在否定句或疑问句中，要用cant 和can。 Mary must have some problems. she keeps crying. What do you think this
25、 letter can mean? It cant be father. he hasnt returned from work.,Shall的用法,A.表示征求对方意见，主要用于主语是第一，第三人称的疑问句中。 What shall we write on our poster? Shall I have a look at your new car? Shall mary come in now? Shall he go there with me tomorrow?,Shall的用法,B.表示许诺，命令，警告等，主要用于主语是第二三人称的陈述句中。 If you behave well,
26、 you shall get a present. C.表示规则、条令、法律等中的规定，主要用于主语是第三人称的陈述句中。 The student shall wear school uniform in the school。,Should的用法,A.表示责任或义务。 You should be more careful next time. You shouldnt watch tv everyday. Be supposed to 被期望；本应，相当于情态动词should Teachers are supposed to treat all the students alike. You
27、 are not supposed to smoke on the bus.,Should的用法,b.表示推测 表示说话者根据一定的依据进行推测，常译为“（按理说）应该” She should pass her chemistry final. Mary should be there by now.,Will, would的用法,A.表示意愿 表示意愿，自愿做或主动提出做某事，will用于现在，would用于过去。 I will help you if you meet with trouble. Please come over at the weekend if you will. Sh
28、e said she would try her best to help me.,Will, would的用法,B.表示请求 Will表示请求或要求，一般用于主语是第二人称的问句中，would比will更客气，委婉。 Will you come this way, please? Would you open the window, please?,Will, would的用法,C. will表示规律性的“注定会” You will fail if you dont work hard. Man will die without air.,Will, would的用法,D.表示习惯或特性 W
29、ill用于现在，would用于过去，常有主观性，常翻译为“总是” Betty and I may not get to see each other often but we will always be best friends. When he was young, he would often swim in this river.,Would like 的用法,Would like sth 表示想要某物 I would like some cakes. Would like to do sth.想要做某事. I would like to have a cup of tea.,Woul
30、d like 的用法,Would you like?你想要么？你愿意么？ 其肯定回答是yes，pleaseyes Id likelove to.certaintyoh great!yes,thank you等。 而否定回答是“no，thanksthank youthats nice of you, butid like to, but Would you like a bottle of orange juice? Yes, Id like to. Id like to, but I have a lot of work to do first.,Used to 的用法,A.基本用法 Used
31、 to 意为“过去常常，过去是。”其后跟动词原形，表示过去存在的某种状态或过去某种经常性，习惯性的行为或动作，并意味着这种情况目前已经不复存在，侧重于过去与现在的对比。used无人称和时态的变化。 We used to go there every year. I used to get up at six in the morning, but I usually get up at half past five now. The old man used to be an excellent player.,Used to 的用法,B.否定句式 Used to 的否定形式是didnt us
32、e to 或者是used not to ,后者可缩写成usednt，在口语中常用didnt use to 进行否定。 She didnt use toused not to usednt to play computer games.,Used to 的用法,一般疑问句式 Used to 变成一般疑问句可以用did sb use to?used sb to?句型 Did you use to play football? Used you to play football? Didnt your uncle use to usednt your uncle to live in beijing
33、?,Used to 的用法,反意疑问句 Used to 在变反意疑问句时，它的附加问句部分可以用didnt或 usednt。 Martin used to go out for a walk after supper, didnt usednt he? Yes, he didyes, he used to. No, he didntno, he usednt to.,Had better的用法,主要用来表示劝告或建议，后直接跟动词原形。Had better和汉语的“你最好。”意义略有不同。Had better是一种“命令”口气，含有“我说了，你要听”的味道。所以下级对上级，晚辈对长辈不适宜用这
34、种结构。 Youd better try it again if you fail this time. If youre going to go out, youd better to do so quickly.,Had better的用法,Had better 的否定式在better后加not， 疑问式把had提至主语前。 You had better not quarrel with you neighbors whatever happens. Had I better not tell anyone about todays discussion? Hadnt I better t
35、ell anyone about todays discussion? Had I not better tell anyone about todays discussion?,need的用法,A. need用作情态动词 常用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。对疑问句的肯定回答用must，否定回答用neednt. Need I tell him everything that has happened to his parents? Yes, you must. You neednt be told twice about one thing. Ill lend peter the money i
36、f he need use it right now.,need的用法,B. need做实义动词。 有人称和数的变化，后面要跟名词，代词带to的不定式等，其否定式，疑问式同普通动词的变化一样。 I need to go to beijing this Sunday to attend a book fair. Do I need to leave my telephone number and address? Yes, you need to. No, you dont need to. All living things need water. He needs to get some s
37、leep.,dare的用法,Dare用作情态动词 dare多用于疑问句，否定句，条件句中 Dare he tell them what he knows? Im afraid you dare notdarent do such a thing. You will be punished if you dare break the rules.,dare的用法,B. dare作实义动词 有人称和数的变化，肯定句中要带to的不定式，而在否定句中或疑问句中的不定式符号to可要可不要。 I suppose he dares to tell the manager the truth. This st
38、udent doesnt dare (to)raise any question in class. Do you dare(to)drive a car on such a crowded road?,助动词,助动词本身没有意义， 只是帮助实义动词完成某些语法功能，如表示时态、鱼台，构成否定句、疑问句、简略答语等。助动词主要有be, have, do, shall, will,助动词,be的用法 助动词be有各种变化形式，具体如下表所示。,be的用法,与现在分词构成各种进行时态 We are playing an interesting game. I was having dinner w
39、hen my friend phoned me from Australia. 与过去分词构成被动语态 You are wanted on the phone, miss green. The work has already been finished. This kind of machine is not made in japan.,Have 的用法,助动词have与过去分词构成各种完成时态。Have you ever been to mexico? I havent heard from her since she left china. I had read this book l
40、ong before it reached china.,do的用法,助动词do可以构成否定句和疑问句，也可以用在动词原形前，加强语气，还可以替代前面刚出现的动词以避免重复。I like coffee, but my parents dont. Do you often carry a camara? I didnt know you were coming until Friday. Did you see the film last night?,Will, should, shall, would的用法,助动词will，shall用来构成一般将来时，would，should用来构成过去将
41、来时；shall，should主要用于第一人扯过，will，would可用于各种人称。,Will, should, shall, would的用法,WELL MEET AT THE SAME PLACE WE DID LAST TIME. WILL THE NEW FILM BE PLAYED NEXT WEEK? SOME BOYS WONT JOIN IN THE GET-TOGETHER TOMORROW. THEY SAID IT WOULD BE FINE THE NEXT DAY. MY PARENTS PHONED ME THAT THEY WOULD COME SOON. PERHAPS I SHALL PAY A VISIT TO ENGLAND THIS SUMMER. WE SHANT BE COMING BACK TODAY. WE THOUGHT WE SHOULD NEVER SEE YOU AGAIN. THE BBC WEATHER REPORT THIS MORNING SAID THAT WE SHOULD HAVE RAIN.,
