1、,TOEFL 阅读理解之十大题型,TOEFL阅读十大题型之再分类,1. 改写题（Paraphrasing） Factual Information questions (3-6 questions per set) Negative Factual Information questions (0-2 questions per set) Sentence Simplification questions (0-1questions per set) 2. 语篇纽带题（Text Connectors) Reference questions (0-2 questions per set) In
2、sert Text question (0-1 questions per set) 3. 推论题 Inference questions (0-2 questions per set) Rhetorical Purpose questions (0-2 questions per set) 4. 篇章结构题（Text Structure） Prose SummaryFill in Table 5. 词汇题,1. 改写题（ Paraphrasing）,Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questions Sen
3、tence Simplification questions, Factual Information questions,这类问题实际考察的是对英文句子进行改写（paraphrasing）的能力。原句与正确选项之间一般存在三种关系：原文引用；同义替换（同义词/反义词/结构转换）；对原句内容的提炼与概括。 关键词定位法,先看两个例子： As a meteorological term, “eye” describe a circular region at the center of a severe wind storm.As a meteorological concept, “eye”
4、refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance. 该例使用了同义词进行同意转述。 Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.People have difficulty observing this small and irregular area. 该例使用了结构转换进行同意转述。,OG：P42-7：Many incomplete skeletons were found but they include
5、d, for the first time in an archaeocyte, a complete hind leg that features a foot with three tiny toes. Such legs would have been far too small to have supported the 50-foot-long Basilosaurus on land. The hind leg of Basilosaurus was a significant find because it showed that Basilosaurus A. lived la
6、ter than Ambulocetus natans B. lived at the same time as Pakicetus C. was able to swim well D. could not have walked on land,It should be obvious that cetaceanswhales, porpoises, and dolphinsare mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined b
7、odies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. In paragraph 1, what does the author say about the presence of a blowhole in cetaceans? It clearly indicates that cetaceans are mammals. It cannot conceal the fact t
8、hat cetaceans are mammals. It is the main difference between cetaceans and land-dwelling mammals. It cannot yield clues about the origins of cetaceans.,再看一个例子：1790 saw the nation entering a new era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to private companies,
9、 organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal interest in better communications with the interior.According to the passage, why did states need private companies help in road building? A. The states were unable to build roads themselves financially B. Private companies could spend
10、less time completing roads C. The states did not have as much equipment as private companies D. Private companies had more knowledge of the interior, Sentence Simplification questions,句子简化题与细节题在本质上类似，都是对原句的改写 句子简化题应注意两点：文间逻辑关系一致；核心信息点一致 问题形式：Which of the following best expresses the essential inform
11、ation in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.,四大 “显性”/ “隐性” 逻辑关系 因果/比较/最高级/否定 否定逻辑关系 明显否定关系: no, not, none, never, neither, deny 隐含否定关系: fail to, absent from, lack, lack of, refuse, few, little, 否定词缀less.,因果逻辑关系明显
12、因果关系: because, because of, since, for, as, due to, owing to, in that, so, so that, as a result, therefore, there by, hence, consequently, accordingly.,隐含因果关系: a. 表示导致含义: lead to, cause, result, result in, give rise to, render, produce, make, 使役动词, support, support, stimulate, spur, spark, fuel, moti
13、vate, prompt. b. 由而来: come from, result from, originate, derive from, initiate from, stem from, be attibutable to, be responsive to. c. 反映,体现: reflect, present, suggest, show, imply, demonstrate. d. 考虑到, 依赖: give, considering, on account of, in view of, thanks to, according to, rely on, depend on, r
14、esort to. e. 条件关系: if, when, while, as, as soon as, as long as, 虚拟条件句. f. 分词短语不定式独立主格作状语,比较的逻辑关系明显比较关系: asas / morethan/ lessthan隐含比较关系: a. “变化”: change, vary, alter, modify, revise, increase, decrease, crect, destroy, develop, improve, progress, advance, grow, degenerate, continue, remain, stay, st
15、able b. “差异”: same, different. c. “超越”: surpass, exceed, transcend, excel.,最高级/绝对化 明显最高级/绝对化关系: -est/ 比较级 隐含最高级/绝对化关系: a. 自身含有最高级含义: maximum, minimum, outstanding, extreme. b. 否定加比较: nothing can better than that c. 程度较深的词: surprisingly, amazingly, prohibitively(修饰价格的high),Passage Excerpt: “ Since th
16、e laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general from of applied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits. ” Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws
17、of physics. The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the laws of physics. Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form. The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbi
18、trary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics.,E.G. With millions of people visiting these refuges and seeing the birds in their natural locales, attitudes have changed significantly.A. Many people have changed the way they think about birds as a result of visiting bird refuges. B. Bi
19、rds have become accustomed to having millions of people come to their natural locales. C. Birds have changed the way they live because of the millions of people who come to see them. D. Millions of people now want to observe birds living in habitats that are natural and safe.,He refused to develop p
20、rojection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine - a projector - from him instead of several.A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one. B. Edison refused to w
21、ork on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines. C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell. D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors ag
22、reed to purchase more than one projector from him.,All of these factors led to a war between the North and South which would be the bloodiest in the nations history.(A) There are many reasons for the war in which more people died than any other war. (B) During the war, there are more casualties in t
23、he south and north than in the east and west. (C) The only one reason contributed to the war which is the worst in the world history. (D) Many people died because of lack of blood transfusion which led to a war., Negative Factual Information questions,排除列举题可利用题干的关键词在原文定位，再利用选项中的关键词在原文定位，把原文没有提及的选项排除
24、 请注意解题顺序：先看题干，接着看选项，最后定位原文 优先利用文章结构框架图进行判断排除 充分利用已作题目进行判断排除,Passage Excerpt: “The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about “obedience t
25、o the ding-dong of the belljust as though we are so many living machines. With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from manage
26、ment. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisans dream of setting up ones own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.”All of the following are mentioned in the paragraph above as consequences of the new system for w
27、orkers EXCEPT a loss of freedom status in the community opportunities for advancement contact among workers who were not managers,What constitutes barriers depends on the species and its method of dispersal. Some are physical barriers. For land animals, bodies of water, chains of mountains or desert
28、s are effective. For example, the American bison spread throughout the open grasslands of North America, but in the southern part of the continent there are deserts, so the bison could not spread there. For aquatic creatures, strong currents, differences in salinity, or land areas may serve as barri
29、ers.All of the following constitutes barriers for aquatic creatures EXCEPT A. land areas B. differences in salinity C. deserts D. strong currents,2. 指代题,Reference questions Insert Text question,Reference questions,瞻前顾后，寻找代词的照应关系；代词指代的数与格应保持一致；还应注意托福考试中代词指代的第二个代词考察现象。 代词的照应（人称代词和指示代词的照应；前位照应与后位照应；） 复
30、合句和并列句中的代词照应；定语从句中的代词照应,Passage Excerpt: “ The distribution, if not the sale, of newspapers was assisted by the establishment of a postal service in 1710, which had a network of some 65 offices by 1770, serving all 13 colonies ” The word which in the passage refers to distribution sale newspaper pos
31、tal service,Passage Excerpt: “ The Freudian perspective, in a sense, sees us as “steam engines”. By holding in rather than venting “steam”, we set stage for future explosion. Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furnitur
32、e, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.The word they in the passage refers to future explosions pent-up aggressive impulses outlets indirect ways,Insert Text question,三个语篇纽带与Insert Text question有内在的联系，也就是我们从语篇纽带的角度来解析Insert Text question，在插入句前后寻找上下文联系的纽带，这些纽带可以是逻辑的、语法的亦或是词汇的。,Pas
33、sage Excerpt: “ Scholars offer three related but different opinions about this puzzle. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of the seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others, obliterating them, it is probable that a paintings value ended with
34、the migration it pictured. Unfortunately, this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.”Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. All three of them have strengths and weak
35、nesses, but none adequately answers all of the questions the paintings present.Where would the sentence best fit?,The product is the endoculticle, a mesh of molecules that makes up the lowest layer of the shell. The endoculticle is not durable enough for daily wear and tear. Over time, however, its
36、molecules continue to bond together. As the endocuticle is pushed upward by the formation of new sheets by the epidermis, it becomes the middle shell layer called the exocuticle. With its molecules locked so tightly, the exocuticle is very tough. There are points on the body where it does not form,
37、since flexibility is needed around joints. This arrangement allows supple movement but provides armor-like protection.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. While this process persists, the endocuticle is gradully shifted. Where would the s
38、entence best fit?,3. 推论题,Inference questions Rhetorical Purpose questions,Inference questions,推论题要求读出文章的言外之意，这类题目的答案不会出现在原文的句子之中，而是要通过对上下文逻辑关系的把握来进行逻辑的推断。 常见推断方法有（辩证思维方法）： 对比推理(你有我无型） 历史的维度进行推论； 由一般具体或由具体一般的逻辑维度。,E.G. However, unlike the case of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walrus
39、es, whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters? A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like. B. There were great numbers of them. C. They
40、 lived in the sea only. D. They did not leave many fossil remains.,Passage Excerpt:“The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous number of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. Once the soi
41、l has been removed by erosion, only the passage of centuries or millennia will enable new soil to form. In areas where considerable soil still remains, though, a rigorously enforced program of land protection and cover-crop planting may take it possible to reverse the present deterioration of the su
42、rface. Governments will act quickly to control further desertification. The factors influencing desertification occur in cycles and will change in the future. Desertification will continue to increase. Desertification will soon occur in all areas of the world.,E.G. Fundamental to any appreciation of
43、 Canada in the 20 years after World War II is the countrys dramatic population growth It seemed that Canada was once more aligning with the tendency toward smaller families that had manifested itself all through the Western world since the Industrial Revolution.We can infer from the passage that bef
44、ore the Industrial Revolution A. families had more members B. the economic situation was pessimistic C. population statics were hardly credible D. the population changed very little.,Rhetorical Purpose questions,所谓修辞目的就是作者的写作目的，对于这类题目我们不但要理顺上下文的逻辑关系，还要从语用学的角度出发，瞻前顾后，探讨句子在上下文中的语言功能。 在这类题目中上下文的逻辑关系和语言
45、功能一般体现为：下定义、举例子、解释、对比、反驳、批评等。 推论题和修辞目的题有个共同点就是我们需要仔细把握上下文的逻辑关系，要理解体会上下文的言外之意。,Passage Excerpt: “. Sculptures must, for example, be stable, which requires an understanding of the properties of mass, weight distribution, and stress. Paintings must have rigid stretchers so that the canvas will be taut,
46、 and the paint must not deteriorate, crack, or discolor. These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work. For example, in the early Italian Renaissance, bronze statues of horses with a raised foreleg usually had a cannonball
47、under that hoof. This was done because the cannonball was needed to support the weight of the leg ”Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance? To provide an example of a problem related to the laws of physics that a fine artist must o
48、vercome To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws of physics To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists in solving problem related to the laws of physics To note an exceptional piece of art constructed without the aid of technology,One of the most mystifying characteris
49、tics of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings for example, those of Bushmen in South Africaare either situated near cave entrances or entirely in the open. Cave paintings in France and Spain, however, are in recesses and caverns far away from original cave entrances. The author discu
50、sses Bushmen in South Africa in the paragraph to A. suggest that early artists worked in narrow spaces instead of wide ones B. contrast the location of their rock drawings to those discovered at Lascaux C. provide an example of other artists who painted in secret locations D. imply that ancient artists from all over the world painted animals on rocks,
