1、IELTS WRITING,Lesson Four: 段落连接关系+如何写论据+论据综合实例,IELTS WRITING,中间段落由关联词+分论点+分论点的论证构成分论点和分论点的论证之间可能有关联词。,IELTS WRITING,1 顺接(一边倒的内部) 议论类：并列For one thingFor anotherOn one hand On the other hand,递进： Moreover BesidesFurthermoreMore importantly In addition to Additionally,原因建议类：The most important reason ( f
2、actor)An equally important reason An additional reason,IELTS WRITING,2. 逆接（两边倒） 1. While there is great deal of enthusiasm nowadays over the advantages of the Internet, its drawbacks should not be neglected.2. While it is undeniable that studying abroad is beneficial, it inevitably carries some intr
3、insic defects.,IELTS WRITING,IELTS WRITING,3. Proponents of such a change hold /maintain/argue that Opponents of such a practice 4. An argument used by opponents of is /an argument advanced on behalf of is 5. For the people who lend their support tofor the people who wish to see the legal prohibitio
4、n of ,转折与让步转折：However Nevertheless NonethelessIn spite of 让步： Admittedly,IELTS WRITING,IELTS WRITING,扩展主题句 （基本句型）2. 假设论证 （状语从句）3. 延长因果链 （状语从句）,4. 举例论证 (单个例子，例子排比）5. 对比论证 （具体情况，时间对比）6. 驳论,论证方法：同一段可以使用多个论证手段但是：不是说每一段都得使用到这几种，将论证方法分散到你的论据种。不要成了填空式作文。,1. 扩展主题句：A: 同义替换 1. in other words换言之 2. that is to
5、say也就是说 3. to be more precise说的具体一些 4. by I mean 我的意思是 5. this means这意味着 6. namely,1. 扩展主题句：B: 主题句中的名词讲清楚-抽象名词具体化The cost of living has been steadily rising in the past decades. Food prices, clothing costs, housing expenses, and tuition fees annually increased by 5.59% over the period of 1995 to 200
6、8.,Initially, one issue makes me support this is that (1topic stentence) the development of science and technology has always accomapanied the progress of society.(1 details).The invention of the steam engine led to the industrial revolution and brought about a new era of thrift of world economy. Th
7、e employment of electricity has multiplied the productivity and reproduced the limited energy on earth. The innovation of computer technology resulted in the informaiton age and connected the distant countries as a single market.(3 details).,060318：Some people think that teachers should be responsib
8、le for teaching students how to judge right and wrong and how to behave well. Some say that teachers should only teach students about academic subjects. Discuss both views and give your opinion.,For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute to students achievement.For another, at the com
9、munity level, education institutions, obviously, should shoulder the responsbility to cultivate qualified citizens.,TS:For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute to students achievement.使用拓展主题句方法展开：That is to say, in primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spell ch
10、inese characters and basic mathmatical knowledge which ensure them mastering the commen sense in daily life and offering the first step of further education.,2. 假设说明思路：条件状语从句目的状语从句,IELTS WRITING,3. 延长因果链The most immediate factor that has given rose to this phenomenon is the extensive use of farming
11、machinery. Such as seeding, harvesting and grain-dying machines, in the process of the modernization of agricultural production, which has, in turn freed more farmers form the land to seek better opportunities in cities. With more immigrant workers swarming into them, many cities have been forced to
12、 expand into the neighboring countryside, as to accommodate the swelling population.,TS:For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute to students achievement. 使用拓展主题句方法展开：In primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling chinese letters and basic mathmatical knowled
13、ge which ensure them mastering the commen sense in daily life. When students have a good command of academic subjects, such as, they can obation the priority to further education. If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a briht futur.,IELTS WRITING,4. 举例论证1)分论点体现在具体的人、事物和场合上（
14、注意内部逻辑）Rather than limiting mans imagination, the general application of modern technologies actually enables man to be more and more creative. For instance, Dream Works, the famous American film company, has been designing and producing cartons using computer technology. (3D technology),IELTS WRITI
15、NG,For example, Michelangelo would not have become distinguished painter if he had spent his days doodling. Another illustration is that Mozart would not have grown up to be a accompllished musician at the age of 8 if he had stayed in front of television. Like Marie Curie and Helen Keller, they resp
16、onded to the challenges of lives activily by displined trainings, and then they gained a new freedom of their lives. (3 examples).,举例子 1. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the fact that more and more young people are finding it easier to get jobs.2. A good case in point is Wuha
17、n, which has a pedestrian shopping street.3. Take my father as an example.4. to illustrate, as an illustration,TS:It is the essential responsbility for teachers to convey acadimic subjects to learners. 使用拓展主题句方法展开：In primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling chinese letter
18、s and basic mathmatical knowledge which ensure them mastering the commen sense in daily life. When students have a good command of academic subjects, such as, they can obation the priority to further education. If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a briht futur. For instan
19、ce, if a student fail to perform well in passing math, English, physics, and literature, he or she will be doomed to gain a failure in entering into unversity which can offer a diploma, thus, students will be handicapped by lack of required acadimic knowledge.,5、对比论证 Comparison and contrast A： 具体情况反
20、对对比B: 过去和现在的对比,Should young adults want independence from their parents as soon as possible?TS:At the comtempary society, moral guidance should be offered by parents to ensure those young fellows to refrain from misleading by inappropriate materials.,第一句：如果年轻人没有适当的保护直接面对社会上所有的诱惑，他们就会比和父母生活在一起的同龄人更有可
21、能走上犯罪道路。If young adults are exposed without proper protection from their parents to all the temptations and evils of society, they are more likely to fall into a life of crime than people of the same age who still live with their parents.,第二句：转折相反，对于那些依然和父母生活的年轻人来说，他们会知道当他们有困难的时候该怎么做。conversely, for
22、 those who still stay with their families, they might be informed of correct ways when they are in trouble.,TS:For one thing, offering academic knowledge can contribute to students achievement. 使用拓展主题句方法展开：In primary school, children should be instilled the ability of spelling chinese letters and ba
23、sic mathmatical knowledge which ensure them mastering the commen sense in daily life. When students have a good command of academic subjects, such as, they can obation the priority to further education. If they fail to master those knowledge, it is difficult to seek a briht futur. For instance, if a
24、 student fail to perform well in passing math, English, physics, and literature, he or she will be doomed to gain a failure in entering into unversity which can offer a diploma, thus, students will be handicapped by lack of required acadimic knowledge. In the past, the development of society was not
25、 as rapid as now, it is unnecessary to be equipped with a large quantity knowledge, however, nowadays, dirven by scientific and technogical breakthroughs, only when sthdents own as much knowledge as others domestic and abroad, can they become more competitive, which is the basic obligation of teache
26、rs in cureent situation in China.,IELTS WRITING：TASK II,6. 什么叫做驳论？,IELTS WRITING：TASK II,Some people hold that(反方观点)，because(反方的简单论据). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact(反驳反方观点或者建立自己的观点）,IELTS WRITING：TASK II,Task response（任务反应）What is your opinion about nuclear technologies?In
27、 fact, the nuclear technology is more a curse than a blessing for society. As an energy provider, the nuclear technology would threaten or even destroy the environment if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case.,IELTS WRITING：TASK II,Some people hold that(反方观点)，because
28、(反方的简单论据). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact(反驳反方观点或者建立自己的观点）Some people assert that the nuclear technology, as an energy provider, is beneficial for society, because it can create cheap and clean energy. However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact, if there were
29、a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous,IELTS WRITING,Some people may think/argue/insist that(反方观点）, because(反方观点的论据). However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact/As a matter of fact/in actuality, (反驳反方观点或建立自己的观点）Eg: Some people think
30、 that the nuclear technology, as an energy provider, is beneficial for society, because it can create cheap and clean energy. However, they are oversimplifying the situation. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous.,Those wh
31、o argue that often build their reasoning on such an assumption that This assumption, nevertheless, is absurd/misleading.Those who argue that the nuclear technology, as an energy provider, is beneficial for society often build their reasoning on such an assumption that it can create cheap and clean e
32、nergy. This assumption, nevertheless, is absurd. In fact, if there were a technical accident, which is more often than not the case, the outcome would be disastrous.,IELTS WRITING,Those who argue that governments should not take the responsibility to fund the development of arts often build their re
33、asoning on such an assumption that arts contribute little to the improvement of human life. This assumption/supposition/statement/assertion, nevertheless, is absurd. As a matter of fact, the quality of human life is not only measured by material gains but also by spiritual satisfaction. Admittedly,
34、the presence of buildings, highways, banks, or cargo ships, airplanes, and the GDP increases do contribute to human comforts and convenience. Yet, it cannot be denied that the quality of human life involves broader aspects in addition to material things. It includes, inevitably, the spiritual life,
35、which can never be improved merely by material gains. The spiritual problems, or in other words, problems inherent in human soul, perhaps can only be unlocked by arts. In this sense, governments is certainly responsible for funding the art development for the sake of the peace and tranquility in sou
36、l.,IELTS WRITING,论据综合实例,IELTS WRITING,1. People are optimistic about 21st century. Many people think it is a good opportunities to find positive change in future. How do you think the optimism? What would you like to change in 21st century?,IELTS WRITING,2) 对整个系统（世界经济）的影响：世界经济通过高效通讯提高效率Information t
37、echnologies has greatly improved the efficiency of communication and therefore stimulated the world economy. (Examples can be easily found to support this viewpoint. Before the internet has been widely established, a businessman in Beijing had to fly to London to make a bargain with his partners, wh
38、ich would take him more than three days to settle down and begin to negotiate. On the other hand, via internet, he only needs to open Net meeting system now, which allows him to exchange ideas with his partners virtually simultaneously through not only audio but also video information),IELTS WRITING
39、,2) 对整个系统（世界经济）的影响：男女平等In addition, an information society fathers more profound influence on social structure. In fact, the advent of new technologies has made it possible for women to share equal status with men. In the past, namely the industrial or agricultural ear, physical power was the most e
40、ssential element of productivity, and obviously females were not as strong as males. However, the information era now attaches more importance to intelligence rather than physical power, and there is no evidence indicating that women are not as intelligent as men. As a result, increasingly more fema
41、les have occupied significant social positions, such as the CEO, the Prime Minister and the President.,IELTS WRITING,5.反驳：反驳全球化对世界经济带来好处Quite a few people are optimistic that the prospect of cultural and economic globalization, which is another characteristic in the 21st century, might bring more op
42、portunities for the world economy. However, it is more a curse than a blessing for developing countries. Due to the globalization, wealthy countries are much easier to seize cheap natural and labor resources in developing areas and at the same time sell their productions there. As a result, the gap
43、between the developing and developed world has been enlarge.,(28)2008.08.09In some countries government moves industries and businesses from big city to rural area. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of the situation and say what you agree with.,IELTS WRITING,2. Some people think that news media i
44、s negative for society, what is your opinion?,IELTS WRITING,The news media is the only way for the public to be informed of a variety of useful knowledge in information society and there is no substitute at the moment. In the past, and individual had to deal with very few things within one day and t
45、herefore it was possible for him to know what happened around him in person. But nowadays, with the trend of globalization, he could virtually do nothing without the news media. For example, the news stories about the education policies abroad and the overseas studying experience have addicted paren
46、ts and their children to select the suitable universities before they have not got the opportunity to visit the country involved.,2. For another, at the community level, education institutions, obviously, should shoulder the responsbility to cultivate qualified citizens.,IELTS WRITING:写末段,IELTS WRIT
47、ING,宗旨：重申总论点和最重要的分论点结构：首词（表示总结的关联词）+重申总论点+补充说明,IELTS WRITING,议论类的关联词In a nutshell/in sum/all in all/ in conclusion/ It is an inescapable conclusion that When all the factors are examined, we may safely come to the conclusion that From what has been discussed above, we can see that (it is obvious tha
48、t， personally, I firmly hold that）.,IELTS WRITING,二. 问题解决类文章的首词或首句（结尾段需要给出建议类型）Nevertheless, numerous solutions to this problem may be found.From my point of view, what teenagers are in urgent need of is to 3. To relieve it, I wish to suggest three appropriate measures.,IELTS WRITING,三.两边倒1). 总论点+两面
49、性不影响特性 2). 总论点+结合两方面,IELTS WRITING,1).总论点+两面性不影响特性There are various kinds of media used for communicating information, such as the theatre, films, comics. TV, radio and books. Which dou you think is the most effective? How do you think about it?.In a word, TV has both its strengths and its weakness.
50、 Yet this two-sidedness does not prevent TV being the most effective of all the media in society today.,IELTS WRITING,2). 总论点+结合两方面Surveillance cameras-All in all, the best solution is for both sides to respect each others needs. The shopkeeper should place surveillanve cameras in such a way that the customer doen not feel that he or she is being spied upon. At the same time, the customer should respect the shopkeepers concern about theft.,
