1、学术英语 人文,Academic English for Humanities,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Academic Language and Discourse Listening Speaking Writing,Unit Contents,Lead-inLead-in activitiesSupplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Discuss the following questions:W
2、hat is literary theory?What is literary criticism?3. Why do we need literary theory and literary criticism?,Lead-in,Activities,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,What is literary theory?,Lead-in,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,In a strict sense: the systematic study
3、of the nature of literature and the methods for analyzing literature In a wider sense: various scholarly approaches to reading texts (These approaches and ideas act as different lenses literary critics use to analyze literature, and they allow critics to focus on particular aspects of a piece of lit
4、erary works.)A most fundamental question asked by literary theory: “What is literature?”,What is literary criticism?,Lead-in,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Literary criticism is the evaluation, analysis or description of a particular literary work or a group of writin
5、gs as a whole. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory. Criticism is usually in the form of a critical essay. Academic literary critics (teaching in universities, publishing in academic journals, etc.)More popular critics (publishing in newspapers and magazines),Text A The Rea
6、ding Process and Literary Theory,Classroom activitiesSupplementary informationSuggested answer key,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Discuss the questions in Task 1 and Task 2 Critical Reading and Thinking P7,Come to the front of the class and give a brief
7、introduction to one of the following major schools of literary criticism:Marxist criticismreader-response criticismNew HistoricismpostcolonialismAfrican American studiesgender studies,Text A,Classroom activities,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Louise M. R
8、osenblatt and her theory of reading,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Louise M. Rosenblatt (1904-2005) was Emeritus Professor of English Education at New York University and holds an outstanding position in the fields of Education and Literary Studies.,The Reading
9、 Process and Literary Theory,Louise M. Rosenblatt and her theory of reading,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,She outlined a theory of reading as a transactional process. Once in an interview, when asked why she preferred the use of the term “transactional/transac
10、tion”, she answered:,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Louise M. Rosenblatt and her theory of reading,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,“Reading is transaction, during which each is continuously affecting the other. I suppose ecology is the field in which pe
11、ople understand this best-that human beings are affected by the environment, but they are also affecting it all the time, so that there is a transaction going on. The continuous reciprocal influence of reader and text is similar, for instance, to two people talking to one another. What is said at th
12、e beginning of the conversation may take on an entirely different meaning by the end of it. (to be continued),The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Louise M. Rosenblatt and her theory of reading,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,(continued)Whats said affects the
13、 person who hears it, who then says something response that affects the first speaker. Rather than two static entities, each person is being affected in the conversation and what comes next depends on what happened so far. The same thing is going on between the reader and these squiggles on the page
14、. Squiggles on the page are just signs. I call my theory the transactional theory because I wanted to emphasis this dynamic relationship. ”- Louise M. Rosenblatt,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Marxist literary criticism,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,B
15、ased on socialist and dialectic theoriesViewing literary works as being originated from the social institutions and reflecting the social institutionsConcerning with the social and political meanings of the text (e.g. the ways in which the text reveals ideological oppression of a dominant economic c
16、lassover subordinate classes),The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Reader-response criticism,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Focus: the reader and their response to the textSystematic examination of the parts of the text that arouse, shape, and guide a reader
17、s responseDifferent from formalist interpretations of literature (which emphasizes objective interpretation of a text on the basis of established criteria)One of the earliest proponents of this theory: Louise M. Rosenblatt.,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,New Historicism,Text A,Supplementary
18、 information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Aim: to associate a work with the time period when it was produced, (especially with the cultural and political movements of the time)The underlying basic assumption: (Every work is a product of the historic context.),The Reading Process and Literary
19、 Theory,New Historicism,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Stephen Greenblatt is regarded as one of the founders of New Historicism, a set of critical practices that he often refers to as “Cultural Poetics“.,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Postcolonialism,T
20、ext A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Concerned with literature produced by colonial powers or those who were/are colonizedLooking at how power, economics, politics, religion, and culture work in relation to colonial hegemony,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Afr
21、ican American studies,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,African American studies examines, from numerous disciplinary perspectives, the history, literature, religion, culture and politics of Black Americans.,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Gender studies,T
22、ext A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Aiming to describe how ideas and assumptions about biological sex and gender influence the political, social, and cultural construction of gender identitiesResorting to the concept of gender to analyze a wide range of disciplinesIn
23、cluding womens studies, mens studies, studies on gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender topics, etc.,The Reading Process and Literary Theory,Gender studies,Text A,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Task 1 / Overview P28,Text A,Suggested answer key,Suggested answer:,Unit 2
24、 Literary Theory and Criticism,Task 2 / Points for discussion P28,Text A,Suggested answer key,Suggested answer to Q1:,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The relationship between the reader and the text is not linear, but transactional. The reader and the text transact and create meaning together.
25、Meaning does not exist solely within the readers mind or within the text, but in the transaction between them. (See Supplementary Information for more detailed interpretation of the term “transactional”.),Task 2 / Points for discussion P28,Text A,Suggested answer key,Suggested answer to Q2:,Unit 2 L
26、iterary Theory and Criticism,Literary theory aims to account for the nature of literature and study the methods for analyzing literature. By embracing literary theory, we learn about literature, and we are also taught tolerance for other peoples beliefs.,Task 2 / Points for discussion P28,Text A,Sug
27、gested answer key,Suggested answer to Q3:,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,According to Text A, metatheory refers to an overarching theory that encompasses all possible interpretations of a text and exhausts all legitimate questions to be asked about any text, and such theory does not exist.,Tas
28、k 2 / Points for discussion P28,Text A,Suggested answer key,Suggested answer to Q4:,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Literary theory aims to understand the nature and functions of literature, and the relation of a text to its author, to its reader, to language, to society, to history, etc. It is
29、 not judgment; it is understanding of the frames of judgment. On the other hand, literary criticism involves the judgment of the value of a particular work, and it is often informed by literary theory. Literary critics are not always and have not always been theorists.,Text B The Will Not to Power,
30、but to Self-Understanding,Classroom activitiesSupplementary informationSuggested answer key,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Text B,Classroom activities,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,Text B,Classroom activities,Work in pairs and discuss the
31、 questions in Task 2 / Critical reading and thinking P35,Give a 2-minute presentation on your findings in Researching P35 and relate your summaryto the views expressed in Text B.,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Check your answers to Task 1 / Crit
32、ical reading and thinking P34,Alfred Kazin,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Alfred Kazin (1915-1998) was an American writer and literary critic. He dismissed close textual or formal analysis, and maintained that a
33、critic should understand the writers and their works in relation to the larger society and era in which they lived. Kazins sketches of literary personalities reveal a lot about both writers and their times.,Edmund Wilson and The Wound and the Bow,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theo
34、ry and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Edmund Wilson (1895-1972) was an American critic and essayist recognized as one of the leading literary journalists of his time. The Wound and the Bow, his book of literary criticism, was published in 1941. In this book, he used psych
35、ological and historical analysis to study the childhood psychological traumas experienced by such writers as Charles Dickens, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Rudyard Kipling and Edith Wharton and the effects of those experiences on their writing.,Frank Kermode,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2
36、Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Frank Kermode (1919-2010) was a British literary critic. He was best known for his critical work The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction (1967). He was also an editor of the popular Fontana Modern Masters
37、 series of pocket guides on writers, philosophers, and other thinkers of the 20th century, and contributed regularly to The London Review of Books and The New York Review of Books. He bridged the gap between serious literary criticism and reading for pleasure.,Jonathan Franzen and Freedom,Text B,Sup
38、plementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Jonathan Franzen (1959- ) is an American novelist and essayist, whose novels about contemporary America have elicited critical acclaim. His novel Freedom (2010) focuses on a contemporary fami
39、ly of the American Midwest and looks into the family members relationships with each other and with those around them.,George Eliot,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,George Eliot (1819-1880), pseudonym of Mary Ann E
40、vans, was a British Victorian novelist. She developed the method of psychological analysis, which is characteristic of modern fiction. Her major works include Adam Bede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), Silas Marner (1861), Middlemarch (1871-1872) and Daniel Deronda (1876). Most ofthe novels wer
41、e set in provincial England.,T. S. Eliot,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,T. S. Eliot (1888-1965) was an American-born British poet, playwright and literary critic and a leader of the Modernist Movement in literatu
42、re. His experiments in diction, style, and versification revitalized English poetry. His masterpieces include The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1915), The Waste Land (1922) and Four Quartets (1936-1942). In 1948 he was awarded both the Order of Merit and the Nobel Prize for Literature.,Text B,Sup
43、plementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Jane Austen,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Jane Austen (1775-1817) was one of the most widely-read Brit
44、ish novelists. Her major works include Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride and Prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), as well as Northanger Abbey and Persuasion (both published posthumously in 1817). Her works are characterized by realism and strongly critical social commentary.,The K
45、insey Reports,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,The Kinsey Reports are two books on human sexual behavior - Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (1953), by Dr. Alfred Kins
46、ey and others. The publications caused shock and outrage, and the findings were criticized because they were based on 18,500 personal interviews which could be unreliable and irregular. The Kinsey Reports together sold three-quarters of a million copies and were translated in 13 languages.,William B
47、lake,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,William Blake (1757-1827) was a British engraver, artist, poet, and visionary. In his lifetime, he was neglected or dismissed as mad, but he is now regarded as the earliest and
48、 most original of the Romantic poets.,Matthew Arnold,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,Matthew Arnold (1822-1888) was a British poet and critic whose poems, such as Dover Beach (1867), express moral and religious do
49、ubts. His Culture and Anarchy (1869) is a polemic against Victorian materialism.,What Virginia Woolf called “common readers”,Text B,Supplementary information,Unit 2 Literary Theory and Criticism,The Will Not to Power, but to Self-Understanding,The Common Reader is collection of essays by Virginia Woolf (1882-1941). It was published in two series (1925, 1932). The title indicates Woolfs intention that her essay be read by “the common reader” who reads books for personal enjoyment.,Task 1 / Major views P34,Text B,Suggested answer key,Suggested answer:,
