1、生垡量挝苤圭2QQ!生!旦篡21鲞箜2期h血Q盟h业:!Y 2QQ!,y尘21:!髋关节撞击综合征梁昌详 阎作勤髋关节撞击综合征(femomacetabular impingement,FAI)是一组以髋关节解剖结构异常为特征的疾病,这种异常导致股骨近端和髋臼问的撞击,引起髋关节慢性疼痛,髋关节活动范围特别是屈曲和内旋受限。目前国外多数学者主张将这种撞击现象作为一种独立疾病,其认识始于对髋关节骨关节炎的研究。Mumy及StuIbe曙等23在上世纪六七十年代报告了由先天因素引起的骨关节炎患者有40存在股骨头颈连接处解剖结构异常。这种类型的撞击被认为是退变性关节炎的一种先兆3】,影响年轻人或者日常
2、活动较多的中年人。有两类人易患FAI:一类是髋关节形态异常者,另一类是髋关节结构正常但髋关节活动较多者。FAI作为早期关节退行性变的一种病因逐渐得到公认。大量针对FAI病因、解剖结构、发病机制、临床表现、影像学特点及治疗等方面的研究已经取得了一定进展。一、FAI的分类根据髋关节解剖特点,FAI可分为股骨头源性撞击及髋臼源性撞击两种类型。前者称凸轮样撞击征(caIn impingement),Beall等“训描述此型的特征是股骨头的非球形部分在股骨头颈连接处呈异常骨赘突出,当股骨头旋人髋臼时撞击髋臼相应区域产生凸轮样撞击”5。9。后者称钳样撞击征(pincers impingement),由股骨
3、颈与髋臼缘的异常接触引起,但股骨头呈正常球形b19”。此类型撞击可以发生于存在任何髋臼缘和股骨颈更加靠近的解剖结构者身上。两种类型的撞击征很少单独发生”,多数合并存在,称为混合型。一组149例FAI患者中,单纯凸轮样撞击征26例,单纯钳样撞击征19例,其余均为混合型口”(图1,2)。二、FAI的病因股骨近端或同侧关节唇结构异常是FAI的主要原因。肢体活动量大增加了撞击,频率则是附加因素。股骨近端畸形是产生凸轮样撞击征的主要原因。常见的畸形是前部或前上部股骨头颈连接处骨质异常突出,并产生股骨头颈偏距(femoral headneck o难et)州单纯前部或整圈减少。所谓股骨头颈偏距是指股骨头前部
4、最大半径与邻近股骨颈半径的差量,又称为股骨头颈比率。偏距减少使股骨近端表现为圆筒状,因形状类似手枪柄而被称为“枪柄样”畸形(图3)。Siebenmck等123比较了15例偏距减少的FAI患者和15名正常对照者的股骨头骨骺,结果证明股骨头骨骺向颈部延伸与股骨头颈偏距减少有关。此延伸以股骨头颈连接处的前外象限多见,与该处异常骨质突出常见于前外侧相符。与凸轮样撞击征有关的其他病变包括股骨头骨骺滑脱作者单位:200032上海,复旦大学附属中山医院骨科543述图1 FAI示意图a正常髋关节b凸轮样撞击征,股骨头颈连接处骨赘增生部分(阴影)与髋臼唇发生撞击,导致股骨内旋话动范围减小c钳样撞击征,髋臼比正常
5、髋臼深,股骨头内旋屈曲时发生撞击并导致活动受限d混合撞击征图2凸轮样撞击征的X线表现,股骨头颈连接处异常骨质突出(箭头所示)伴后倾匠”、股骨头扁平坏死”、股骨颈骨折后骨不连”、髋关节发育不良、椭圆股骨头、Perthes病、创伤后畸形及骨软骨瘤”】。髋臼解剖异常是钳样撞击征的必要条件,髋臼过深被认为是此类撞击征的原因。髋臼过深可影响股骨头的各方向活动,导致髋臼软骨损伤呈环形窄条带样分布。由于髋关节运动以屈曲为主,所以髋臼的前外侧部分损伤较重。髋臼前倾不足m1、髋臼后倾m、髋臼陷入征等病变同样是钳样撞击征的易患因素。有学者研究了髋关节发育不良髋臼覆盖不全者的上外万方数据生垡置越基志2Q盟至!且筮2
6、2鲞筮2期h鱼!Q丛QP,尘Y 2嫂!,yQ!:22,堕!:2节唇组织增厚伴结构紊乱和充满黏液的包囊样结构。Ito等四1未发现病变中有炎性细胞反应(如淋巴细胞、单核细胞和巨噬细胞等),其病理特点符合反复微创特征。关节唇的病理严重度与骨关节炎严重度无相关性,两种撞击征关节唇退变的超微结构无明显区别。四、FAI的临床表现及诊断要点(一)症状图3典型的“枪柄样”畸形,由于股骨头颈连接处的前部或前上部异常骨质突出(箭头所示)使股骨近端形似手枪平滑的把柄部分侧关节囊一关节唇复合体,发现其产生的张力和剪切力即导轨现象(guide rail phenomenon)同样能导致FAI19圳。此外,FAI也和髋关
7、节创伤有关。Gallz等”3描述了髋关节滑囊疝与FAI的关系。髋关节滑囊疝通常位于股骨头前外侧,滑囊疝可能诱发FAI,特别是发生在前外侧时。髂腰肌腱与关节囊之间的异常作用增加了股骨近端前部受压可能是其发病机制】。三、FAI的撞击机制和病变特点FAI起因于近端股骨头和髋臼解剖结构异常。或者髋关节解剖结构正常或接近正常而髋关节活动量或活动范围过大导致的股骨头与髋臼的异常接触状态。解剖形态异常的凸轮样撞击特点是异常突出的骨赘在屈曲和内收时旋进髋臼撞击臼缘产生间断或持续的关节软骨压力和剪切力,造成由外至内的髋臼软骨磨损,导致软骨从关节盂唇和髋臼上撕裂。钳样撞击征是股骨头颈连接处与髋臼缘反复撞击导致关节
8、唇退变,关节唇及髋臼深部组织纤维化、骨化,关节唇骨质增生反过来又加重撞击程度。其软骨损伤常呈环形分布,且局限于一个狭窄的条带状区域内。许多研究表明,髋臼唇和软骨的撞击损伤可以分布于股骨头和髋臼的各个部分,以前上象限多见,病变程度也较严重120“。这是由于骨骺异常延伸在股骨头颈连接处的前外象限较常见【l“,使该处易出现异常骨质突起,而髋关节运动以屈曲内旋多见。另一个前缘易发的原因是髋臼后倾,髋臼唇前缘在冠状面上位于股骨头中心点的外侧,容易使股骨近端与髋臼前唇发生碰撞。有研究证实,MRI显示髋臼唇出现损伤的频率从高到低依次是:前上部、后上部、前下部、后下部“。撞击同样能发生在解剖结构正常而承受压力
9、异常者,某些特殊职业者也容易发生类似的撞击。任何形式的职业性的反复屈曲内收内旋活动均可导致撞击,特别是存在关节囊松弛等解剖结构异常时。免疫组化和组织学研究表明FAI的发病机制为活化细胞分化及骨质重塑改造“圳。Wa口盯等比较了年轻患者的非球形股骨头标本和老年晚期骨关节炎患者的标本,其关节软骨成分相似,均表现出明显的退变征象。关节唇的病理变化包括骨化、瘢痕化、体积增大及软骨下撕裂等,显微镜下关凸轮样撞击征常见于活动量较大的年轻男性,而钳样撞击征常见于活动较多的中年女性。典型表现为腹股沟区疼痛,为锐痛,通常在活动或久坐后加剧。疼痛可以表现在腹股沟区、股骨转子表面,髋关节屈曲内收时诱发疼痛口“。最初呈
10、问歇性,以后随活动及受力增加变为持续性。FAJ通常为单侧,有髋关节松弛症者可呈双侧。髋关节疼痛可在术后持续存在,这可能与关节软骨损伤不可逆有关。(二)体征查体时髋关节活动受限,特别是内收内旋时屈曲受限。被动屈曲、内收内旋可引发疼痛,称为撞击试验啪3“。诱发疼痛的机制为剪切或挤压有本体感觉神经和痛觉神经的髋臼唇而产生剧烈疼痛【l。另外,外旋外展髋关节时能感觉到摩擦感10。(三)影像学表现X线片能反映潜在的骨畸形,正位片可显示股骨头颈偏距减少或近端股骨头“枪柄样”畸形”】,侧位片同样能显示“枪柄样”畸形及随其产生的前部股骨颈偏距消失。oL角是反映股骨颈骨赘突出程度与FAI关系的一个客观指标。以股骨
11、头中心点为圆心,股骨头正常最大半径画圆,从股骨头颈连接处骨质与这个圆的交点到股骨头中心点作直线,此直线与股骨颈中心线的交角为仅角(图4)。仪角在平行于股骨颈的轴斜位X线片上测量no,0【角越大,越容易发生前上方股骨头颈与髋臼唇的撞击。Not出等把股骨头颈连接处的周径变化作为研究FAI预兆的指标,采用d角作为评价标准。39例有FAI临床表现者平均仅角为740,而正常对照组为420,因此提出仅角500是诊断FAI的临界值。其他在X线片上能显示并具有FAI诊断意义的解剖异图4 o【角示意图,A指股骨头颈交界点,O指股骨头中心点,B指股骨颈最细处的中心点,线A0与BO的夹角即饯角。AOB显示正常人的d
12、角,A,0B是凸轮样撞击征患者的d角,可看到其oc角明显增大万方数据生堡盈拱苤志巡2玺!旦簋塑鲞箜!期gh地Q丛鲤:坠虹2勉!,y丛21,盟!2 545常包括股骨头骨骺滑脱、股骨颈骨折及髋关节发育不良、髋内翻、髋外翻、髋臼后倾、髋臼陷入征和髋臼过深。MRI能很好地反映FAI的病理过程(图5),显示前部或前上、前下的髋臼唇损伤。髋臼唇损伤在T:加权像上表现为受损关节表面信号增强。MRI同样能很好地显示髋关节软骨损伤。FAI髋关节软骨损伤通常邻近髋臼唇损伤部位,可以表现为部分或全层软骨软化或软骨缺陷。关节软骨损伤通常伴随软骨下囊肿、骨质硬化或骨赘形成“。MR关节造影术也可用于髋臼唇及关节软骨损伤的
13、检查。图5髋关节冠状位T2加权像显示位于镶关节前上侧(俞)关节软骨损伤(软骨缺损),相应部位的关节唇有撕裂(t)五、FAI的治疗(一)保守治疗保守治疗包括限制活动、改变不良运动习惯及使用非甾体抗炎药等m。物理治疗、加强或改善被动活动范围对患者无益,有时会起反作用。非甾体抗炎药的使用可以减轻疼痛症状,但同样也能掩盖病情进展。虽然保守治疗可能产生暂时的效果,但年轻活动量大和喜欢运动者对保守治疗的依从性较差。部分患者有较长的腹股沟区疼痛病史,曾经施行过不恰当的手术治疗,包括腹股沟疝修补术、腹腔镜手术、剖腹探查术甚至腰椎减压术,不宜采用保守治疗。(二)手术治疗手术治疗适应证:年轻,无严重的继发性骨关节
14、炎,解剖结构畸形预计可矫正者,包括股骨头及髋臼畸形。禁忌证:有严重继发性骨关节炎,解剖畸形采用手术无法矫正者。年龄在45岁以上是相对禁忌证,具有相对严重的继发性骨关节炎但较年轻者手术指征可相对放宽,继发性骨关节炎伴感染应作为相对禁忌证35。FAI的手术方法为侧卧位,外侧或后侧入路,关节囊切开,确认FAI的撞击位置后使股骨头脱离髋臼,行截骨术切除突出的骨赘,重建正常股骨近端轮廓蛳。尸体标本研究表明,骨切除量不应超过股骨头颈连接处前外象限的30,否则将增加继发性骨折的危险【37。髋臼后倾者由于髋臼缘的前部向外侧突出,影响了髋关节屈曲和内旋,在髋臼缘前侧形成撞击,并导致前侧髋臼缘撕裂和邻近关节软骨损
15、伤口,因此应截除多余的髋臼前部。有作者提倡行髋臼环切术以矫正髋臼方向。手术治疗FAI的疗效满意。有作者报告19例,平均随访47年,14例预后较好,无一例发生骨坏死啪J。另一组23例,随访212年,其中7例要求行全髋关节置换术,1例因复发性髋臼唇撕裂行关节镜清创术,15例无须再手术,所有病例均未发生骨坏死或转子间骨不连。(三)关节镜治疗关节镜治疗FAI的方法m4“:患者在牵引下取侧卧或仰卧位,注入造影剂,通常采用前外侧或外侧入路,必要时另加后侧入路,行部分关节囊切除术42。关节镜下特征性发现包括前外侧关节唇撕裂及前部关节软骨损伤,关节镜下通过射频方法可切除股骨头颈连接处的异常突出骨赘及关节唇骨赘
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