1、1ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science Engineering 1Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25Part METALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS 33Unit 5 An Introduct
2、ion to Metallic Materials 33Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68Part Ceramics 81Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81Unit 10 Ceramic Structures Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97Unit 12 Advanc
3、ed ceramic materials Functional Ceramics 105PART NANOMATERIALS 112Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130Part POLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in t
4、he Development of Synthetic Polymers 136Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146Unit19 Polymer synthesis: Nylon synthesis 154Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172Unit22 Composition,
5、Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 1782Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191Part 7 Biomaterial 196Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224PART Mater
6、ials and Environment 237Unit29 Environmental Pollution these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was total
7、ly a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materi
8、als and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of o
9、ur modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.deep-seated 根深蒂固的 , 深层的pottery / 陶器structural elements 结构成分；property / .性能4The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable
10、materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, s
11、ophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials. Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, ma
12、terials engineering is, on the basis of these structureproperty correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties. “Structure is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually r
13、elates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, whi
14、ch contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed microscopic, meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed macroscopic.The notion of property deserv
15、es elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitu
16、de of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and stepwise / 逐
17、步的sophisticated/ 精制的，复杂的；semiconducting materials半导体材料nebulous / 含糊的，有歧义的subatomic / 亚原子的microscopic/ 微观的/ 宏观的deformation/5deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force
18、; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrat
19、e the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of ma
20、terials. In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. processing and performance. With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furth
21、ermore, a materials performance will be a function of its properties.Fig. 1.1 Photograph showing the light transmittance of three aluminum oxide specimens. From left to right: single crystal material (sapphire), which is transparent; a polycrystalline and fully dense (nonporous) material, which is t
22、ranslucent; and a polycrystalline material that contains approximately 5% porosity, which is opaque. (Specimen preparation, P. A. Lessing; photography by J. Telford.)We now present an example of these processing-structure-properties-perfor- mance principles with Figure 1.1, a photograph showing thre
23、e thin disk specimens placed over some printed matter. It is obvious that the optical properties (i.e., the / 变形deteriorative/ 破坏（老化的）elastic modulus 弹性模量 strength / 强度；dielectric constant介电常数；heat capacity 热容量refraction / 折射率；reflectivity/ 反射率processing / 加工6light transmittance) of each of the thre
24、e materials are different; the one on the left is transparent (i.e., virtually all of the reflected light passes through it), whereas the disks in the center and on the right are, respectively, translucent and opaque.All of these specimens are of the same material, aluminum oxide, but the leftmost o
25、ne is what we call a single crystalthat is, it is highly perfectwhich gives rise to its transparency. The center one is composed of numerous and very small single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the printed pa
26、ge, which makes this material optically translucent. And finally, the specimen on the right is composed not only of many small, interconnected crystals, but also of a large number of very small pores or void spaces. These pores also effectively scatter the reflected light and render this material op
27、aque.Thus, the structures of these three specimens are different in terms of crystal boundaries and pores, which affect the optical transmittance properties. Furthermore, each material was produced using a different processing technique. And, of course, if optical transmittance is an important param
28、eter relative to the ultimate in-service application, the performance of each material will be different.Why Study Materials science and Engineering?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be ex
29、posed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and desi
30、gn of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be charac- terized, for these will dictate the pro
31、perties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties.transmittance / . 透射性sapphire / 蓝宝石transparent/透明的；polycrystalline/ 多晶体；translucent / 半透明的； opaque 不透明的single crystal 单晶体7Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one charact
32、eristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of mat
33、erial properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mecha- nical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive envir- onments.Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cos
34、t? A material may be found that has the ideal set of proper- ties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable.The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape. The more familiar an engineer or scientist is w
35、ith the various characteristics and structureproperty relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria. Reference: William D. Callister, Materials science and engineering : an
36、 introduction, Press:John Wiley 2-5transmission gear 传动齿轮dictate / 决定trade off 权衡；折衷ductility 延展性overriding /8 最主要的judicious / 明智的Notes1 At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for a
37、n application by virtue of its characteristics由此看来，材料的使用完全就是一个选择过程，且此过程又是根据材料的性质从许多的而不是非有限的材料中选择一种最适于某种用途的材料。2 The center one is composed of numerous and very small single crystals that are all connected; the boundaries between these small crystals scatter a portion of the light reflected from the p
38、rinted page, which makes this material optically translucent.中心由无数相连的微小单晶体所组成；这些微小晶体之间的界面散射了一部分从纸面折射来的光，从而致使材料变为光学半透明。3 The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more profici
39、ent and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.工程师或科学家对材料的各种性质、结构与功能之间的关系以及生产工艺越熟悉，就能越熟练自信地根据这些标准选择出最合适的材料。Exercises1. Choose the best answer for the following questions according to the text(1)Why materials are so important in the modern times? _9(a)
40、Materials influence our everyday lives and accelerate the development and advancement of societies. (b) They are deep-seated in our culture.(c) There are many kinds of materials.(d) They are very expensive. (2)What is the relationship between structure and properties ? _(a) Properties of materials d
41、epend largely on their structures. (b) Structures of materials affect indirectly on their properties.(c) Both of them have mutual effect.(d) There are no direct relation between them.2. Translate the following into ChineseOne of the reasons that synthetic polymers (including rubber) are so popular a
42、s engineering materials lies with their chemical and biological inertness. On the down side, this characteristic is really a liability when it comes to waste disposal. Polymers are not biodegradable, and, as such, they constitute a significant land-fill component; major sources of waste are from pac
43、kaging, junk automobiles and domestic durables. Biodegradable polymers have been synthesized, but they are relatively expensive to produce. On the other hand, since some polymers are combustible and do not yield appreciable toxic or polluting emissions, they may be disposed of by incineration.3. Put
44、 the following words into English高分子化合物；多晶体；功能；化学反应活性；弹性体；参数；原子结构；参考标准；加工工艺；多孔材料；延展性；弹性模量4. Translate the following words into Chinesealuminum oxide; characteristics of materials; specimens ; processing-structure-properties- performance principles; mechanical strength；investigation and design of mat
45、erials；t ransparent, translucent and opaque.Supplementary ReadingMetals and polycrystalline metalsMetals are an especially important class of materials. They are distinguished by several special properties, namely their high thermal and electrical conductivity, their ductility and the characteristic
46、 lustre of their surfaces. Their ductility, together with the high strength that can be achieved by alloying, renders metals particularly attractive as engineering materials.In nature, metals occur only seldom as they possess a high tendency for oxidation. If one 10looks at the pure elements, more than two thirds of them are in a metallic state. Many elements are soluble in metals in the solid state and thus allow to form a metallic alloy. For instance, steels can be produced by alloying iron with carbon. The large number of metallic elements offers a broad range of possibl
