1、Splash Screen,Chapter Menu,Chapter Preview Section 1: Social Structure and Status Section 2: Social Structure and Roles Section 3: Preindustrial Societies Section 4: Industrial and Postindustrial Societies,Chapter Preview 1,Chapter Preview Section 1,Social Structure and Status (pages 140145),The und
2、erlying pattern of social relationships in a group is called the social structure. Status is one very important element of social structure. Ascribed statuses are assigned at birth; achieved statuses are earned or chosen.,Chapter Preview 2,Chapter Preview Section 2,Social Structure and Roles (pages
3、146152),People interact according to prescribed roles. These roles carry certain rights and obligations. Sometimes conflict or strain occurs when an individual has too many roles to play.,Chapter Preview 3,Chapter Preview Section 3,Preindustrial Societies (pages 153158),The way a society provides fo
4、r basic needs greatly affects its culture and social structure. Preindustrial societies include hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural societies.,Chapter Preview 4,Chapter Preview Section 4,Industrial and Postindustrial Societies (pages 159164),The Industrial Revolution cre
5、ated a new type of society called an industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a widespread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominately white-collar labor force that is concentr
6、ated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.,Chapter Preview-End,Section 1-Preview,The underlying pattern of social relationships in a group is called the social structure. Status is one very important element of soc
7、ial structure. Ascribed statuses are assigned at birth; achieved statuses are earned or chosen.,Section 1-Key Terms,social structure status ascribed status achieved status status set master status,A B C D,Section 1-Polling Question,Which is a way that people display their status in our society? A. T
8、heir home B. Their car C. Wearing a uniform D. All of the above,Section 1,Social Structure Is All Around You,Social structure is the underlying patterns of relationships in a group.,A B C D,Section 1,Which is NOT an aspect of social structure? A. It involves groups B. It involves patterns C. It invo
9、lves computers D. It involves relationships,Section 1,Everyone Has Status,A status is a position a person occupies within a social structure.,An ascribed status is neither earned nor chosen; it is assigned to us.,Section 1,Everyone Has Status (cont.),An achieved status is earned or chosen.,A status
10、set is all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time.,The Interrelationships of Social Statuses,Section 1,Everyone Has Status (cont.),Master statuses can be achieved or ascribed; they significantly affect the likelihood of achieving other social statuses.,A B C D,Section 1,Which
11、type of status would a doctor fall under? A. Master B. Status set C. Ascribed D. Achieved,Section 1-End,Section 2-Preview,People interact according to prescribed roles. These roles carry certain rights and obligations. Sometimes conflict or strain occurs when an individual has too many roles to play
12、.,Section 2-Key Terms,role right obligation role performance social interaction role conflict role strain,A B C D,Section-Polling Question,Which role do identify with the most? A. Student B. Sibling C. Artist D. Athlete,Section 2,Rights and Obligations,An expected behavior associated with a particul
13、ar status is a role.,Rights are behaviors that individuals expect from others. Obligations are behaviors that individuals are expected to perform toward others.,A B C D,Section 2,Statuses “in action” is another name for: A. Rights B. Roles C. Obligations D. Society,Section 2,Role Performance and Soc
14、ial Interaction,Role performance is the actual conduct, or behavior, involved in carrying out (or performing) a role.,Social interaction is the process of influencing each other as people relate.,The Links Between Culture and Social Structure,Section 2,Role Performance and Social Interaction (cont.)
15、,Role performance is much like a play, but there are many differences:,Most real-life role performance occurs without planning. Real-life performance is ad-libbed. We choose our own cues and responses.,A B C D,Section 2,Which is an example of social interaction? A. Asking a stranger for directions B
16、. Chatting with friends C. Playing sports D. All of the above,Section 2,Role Conflict and Role Strain,Role conflict exists when the performance of a role in one status clashes with the performance of a role in another.,Role strain occurs when a person has trouble meeting the many roles connected wit
17、h a single status.,Section 2,Role Conflict and Role Strain (cont.),To deal with the conflict and strain we:,Set priorities Segregate roles,Unemployment Rates,Illustrating Social Structure Concepts,A B C D,Section 2,How often does role strain and conflict affect your own life? A. Very often B. Someti
18、mes C. Rarely D. Never,Section 2-End,Section 3-Preview,The way a society provides for basic needs greatly affects its culture and social structure. Preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial societies meet basic needs in different ways. Preindustrial societies include hunting and gathering, horti
19、culture, pastoral, and agricultural societies.,Section 3-Key Terms,society hunting and gathering society horticultural society pastoral society agricultural society,A B C D,Section 3-Polling Question,Which is an example of a preindustrial society? A. Hunting and gathering B. Pastoral C. Agricultural
20、 D. All of the above,Section 3,Types of Society,A society is composed of people living within defined territorial borders who share a common culture.,A B C,Section 3,Do you think our society today is becoming more global? A. Agree B. Disagree C. Not sure,Section 3,Hunting and Gathering Societies,Hun
21、ting and gathering society survives by hunting animals and gathering edible foods.,Time Line of Societies,Section 3,Hunting and Gathering Societies (cont.),Characteristics:,Nomadic Small in population Cooperation and sharing are key No social class Family is the only institution,Time Line of Societi
22、es,A B C D,Section 3,The following are important in the hunting and gathering society EXCEPT A. Sharing B. Gathering food C. Thrift D. Moving from place to place,Section 3,Horticultural Societies,A horticultural society solves the subsistence problem primarily through the growing of plants.,Time Lin
23、e of Societies,Section 3,Horticultural Societies (cont.),Characteristics:,More permanent settlements Multicommunity societies Family more key More complex division of labor Trade possible,Time Line of Societies,A B C,Section 3,What do you think is the main difference between the horticultural societ
24、y and the hunting and gathering society? A. The growing of plants B. Emphasis on family C. Permanent housing,Section 3,Pastoral Societies,In pastoral societies, food is obtained primarily by raising and taking care of animals.,Time Line of Societies,Section 3,Pastoral Societies (cont.),Characteristi
25、cs:,Migration still needed, but with some permanent villages Male dominated More complex division of labor Trade possible,Time Line of Societies,A B C D,Section 3,Pastoral societies, food is primarily obtained by which method? A. Hunting B. Raising animals C. Growing crops D. Trade,Section 3,Agricul
26、tural Societies,An agricultural society subsists by growing food, but with the use of plows and animals.,Time Line of Societies,Section 3,Agricultural Societies (cont.),Characteristics:,More food per unit of land due to the plow Animals allow more people to engage in noneconomic activities Cities bu
27、ilt Other occupations appear,Time Line of Societies,Section 3,Agricultural Societies (cont.),Political, economic, religious institutions appear,Government replaces the family group King or emperor rules Social classes Economy based on trade,Time Line of Societies,Section 3,Agricultural Societies (co
28、nt.),Monetary system,Separation between religion and government,Time Line of Societies,A B C D,Section 3,Which is NOT a true statement about the agricultural society? A. Distinct social class B. Monetary system used C. Wealth and power based on land ownership D. Nomadic society,Section 3-End,Section
29、 4-Preview,The Industrial Revolution created a new type of society, called the industrial society. Characteristics that distinguish this society from all earlier ones include the growth of large cities and a wide-spread dependence on machines and technology. Postindustrial society has a predominatel
30、y white-collar labor force that is concentrated in service industries. Social instability has been linked to the transition from an industrial to a postindustrial society.,Section 4-Key Terms,industrial society mechanization urbanization gemeinschaft gesellschaft social solidarity,mechanical solidar
31、ity organic solidarity postindustrial society,A B C,Section 4-Polling Question,Which technology do you think has made the biggest impact on our society? A. Personal computers B. Assembly lines C. Robots,Section 4,Basic Features of Industrial Societies,The industrial society is one that is dependent
32、upon science and technology to produce its basic goods and services.,Section 4,Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.),When societies shift from agricultural to industrial, some of the structural changes are:,A loss of simplicity and a gain of scientific knowledge Animal and human labor is re
33、placed by machines (mechanization),Agricultural Employment,Section 4,Basic Features of Industrial Societies (cont.),Urbanizationthe movement from the country to the city,Families function differently,A B C,Section 4,Which of the following is a way that the family structure changed once an industrial
34、 society emerged? A. Women became more subordinate to their husbands. B. Family unity became less important. C. Education was taught at home.,Section 4,A Conversation with Two Sociologists,Tonniess viewtwo types of society:,Gemeinschaft = community; a society based on tradition, kinship, and intimat
35、e social relationships. Gesellschaft = industrial society; weak family ties, competition, and less personal social relationships.,Section 4,A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.),Durkheims view:,Social solidarity is the degree to which a society is unified or can hold itself together in the fa
36、ce of obstacles.,Section 4,A Conversation with Two Sociologists (cont.),Two types of society that depend on solidarity:,Mechanical solidarity applies when members of a society hold the same beliefs, values, and norms; they tend to conform and depend on tradition and family to fulfill their needs. Or
37、ganic solidarity applies when members of an industrial society depend on a variety of people to fulfill their needs.,A B C D,Section 4,The following are characteristics of mechanical solidarity EXCEPT A. Group placed above the individual B. Pressure for conformity C. Needs filled by a variety of peo
38、ple D. Tradition and family important,Section 4,Major Features of Postindustrial Society,In a postindustrial society, the economic emphasis is on providing services and information rather than on producing goods through basic manufacturing.,Section 4,Five features of this society, according to Danie
39、l Bell:,For the first time, the majority of the labor force are employed in services rather than in agriculture or manufacturing. White-collar employment replaces much blue-collar work.,Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.),Section 4,Major Features of Postindustrial Society (cont.),Techni
40、cal knowledge is the key organizing feature in the postindustrial society.,Technological change is planned and assessed. Computer modeling is relied upon in all areas.,A B C D,Section 4,What was the major economic emphasis placed on during the postindustrial society? A. Providing services B. Agricul
41、ture C. Raising animals D. All of the above,Section 4,Social Instability in Postindustrial Society,Historian Francis Fukuyama believes that the transition to a service economy has increased social instability in nations undergoing this change.,However, he sees current indications of a return to soci
42、al stability because humans find it difficult to live without values and norms.,A B C D,Section 4,Do you agree with Fukuyamas observations? A. Strongly agree B. Somewhat agree C. Disagree D. Not sure,Section 4-End,Figure 5.1,The Interrelationships of Social Statuses,Figure 5.2,The Links Between Cult
43、ure and Social Structure,Figure 5.3,Time Line 1,Time Line of Societies,Time Line 2,Time Line of Societies,Snapshot,Unemployment Rates,Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2005.,World View,Agricultural Employment,Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook, 2
44、005.,Transparency 1,Vocab 1,social structure,the underlying patterns of relationships in a group,Vocab 2,status,a position a person occupies within a social structure,Vocab 3,ascribed status,a position that is neither earned nor chosen but assigned,Vocab 4,achieved status,a position that is earned o
45、r chosen,status set,Vocab 5,all of the statuses that a person occupies at any particular time,Vocab 6,master status,a person that strongly affects most other aspects of a persons life,Vocab 7,role,an expected behavior associated with a particular status,Vocab 8,right,a behavior that individuals can
46、expect from others,Vocab 9,obligation,a behavior that individuals are expected to perform toward others,Vocab 10,role performance,the actual behavior of an individual in a role,Vocab 11,social interaction,the process of influencing each other as people relate,Vocab 12,role conflict,condition in whic
47、h the performance of a role in one status interferes with the performance of a role in another status,Vocab 13,role strain,condition in which the roles of a single status are inconsistent or conflicting,Vocab 14,society,people living within defined territorial borders and sharing a common culture,Vo
48、cab 15,hunting and gathering society,a society that survives by hunting animals and gathering edible plants,Vocab 16,horticultural society,a society that survives primarily through the growing of plants,Vocab 17,pastoral society,a society in which food is obtained primarily by raising and taking car
49、e of animals,Vocab 18,agricultural society,a society that uses plows and draft animals in growing food,Vocab 19,industrial society,a society that depends on science and technology to produce its basic goods and services,Vocab 20,mechanization,the process of replacing animal and human power with mach
50、ine power,Vocab 21,urbanization,the shifting of population from farms and villages to large cities,Vocab 22,gemeinschaft,pre-industrial society based on tradition, kinship, and close social ties,Vocab 23,gesellschaft,industrial society characterized by weak family ties, competition, and impersonal social relationships,
