1、英语 语法初步 倒装与从句 1 先讲倒装 一 .概念 : 英语句子通常有两种语序 :一种主语在前 ,谓语在后 ,称为自然语序 ,另一种谓语在前 ,主语在后 ,称为倒装语序。 二 .相关知识点 按 “主语 + 谓语 ” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为 “谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语 ”，就是倒装。 倒装句分为： 完全倒装： 整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。 部分倒装： 只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。 1. 当以 there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首
2、，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。 Our teacher came in. In came our teacher. 这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。如 Here it is. Away he went. 这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。 Here comes the bus. Out rushed the boys. 2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。 Then came 8 years of the Anti -Japanese War
3、. 3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。 这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词 did, does， do. Under a big tree _D_, half asleep. A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man 4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。 在 “there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用 be , 而用表示类似 “存在 ”观念的其他不及物动词。如： live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, ri
4、se 和 appear等。 There came shouts for help from the river. There lies a large wheat field in front of the house. Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house. In front of the tower flews a stream. 5. so + 动词 +主语 neither/ nor + 动词 +主语 表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。 否则要用 so it is w
5、ith You can ride a bike. So can I . He has been to Beijing. So have I . The first one isnt good, neither is the second. His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with hisaunt. 6. so+ 形容词 /副词 that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把 so+形容词 /副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词
6、 /副词 +be/助动词 /情态动词 that +从句。 Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. = So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. So easy was the work that t英语 语法初步 倒装与从句 2 hey finished it in a few days. 7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。 Gone foreve
7、r are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil. 8. 否定副词 not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。 We seldom get up at four in the morning. = Seldom do we get up at four in the morning. Not a single word from him could the enemy drag. Rarely have I heard of such a sill
8、y thing. 9. hardlywhen; scarcelywhen; no soonerthan 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when did 或用倒装句式 Hardly had + 主语 + done when did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时 。 什么语从句在整个句子中就起什么语的作用，如主语从句就起主语的作用 句子基本结构 主 +谓 +宾 +（宾补）简单理解主语后是动词的动词就是谓语，后面的对象就是宾语 主 +系 +表 am is are就是系动词，就是系语， is、 am、 are后面的就是表语（一般而言） look，seem, feel, s
9、ense, taste, smell, sound表感官时也起到系动词的作用 ,视为系动词，后接表语，多为形容词 1. 主语从句 1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用 it作形式主语，而将从句 放在句末。常见的句型有： *It is a facta pitya questiongood news that. *It seemsappearshappenedhas turned out that. *It is clearimportantlikelypossible that. *It is saidreportedestimatedhas been proved
10、that. It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation. It seems that the performance is very useful. 2)what引导的主语从句表示 “.的东西时 ”，一般不用 it作形式主语。 What we lack is experience. 3)what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。 How the plan is to be carried ou
11、t should be discussed again. I did know why I felt like crying. 2. 宾语从句 1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词 that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。 in that(因为 ),except that(除了 ),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接 that引导的宾语从句。 *I promised that I would change the situation. *All this is different from what American young people
12、 would say about friendship. *He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children. 英语 语法初步 倒装与从句 3 *This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long. 2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语 it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后 。 He has made it clear that he would not change his mind. （ clear就是宾补，对宾语起补充说明作
13、用的就是宾补 ） 注： 3)在 think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。 He didnt think that the money was well spent. 3. 表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为 “主语 +系动词 +表语从句 ”的句子中。表语从句除可用 that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导 外，还可由 because, as if(though)等引导。 that常可省略。如主句主语为 reason,只能用 that引导表语从句，不可
14、用 because. Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America. The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies. It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller. 4. 同位语从句 同
15、位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词 that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用 whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有 fact, idea, belief, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, suggestion, order, problem, report, decision. 有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。 She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show. I had
16、 no idea how many books I could borrow at a time. The news came that their team had won the championship. 5. 定语从句 定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。 *限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有 who, whom, whose, which, that等。 who, whom, whose用于指人， whose有
17、时也可指物，相当于 of which； which用于指物； that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任 主语、宾语、定语等。 Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people. The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother. 1)当先行词是 all, anything, everything, someth
18、ing ,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有 first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词 that引导从句。 That is all that Ive heard from him. 英语 语法初步 倒装与从句 4 Hes the first person that Im going to interview this afternoon. 2)关系代词的省略 在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用 that，只可用 which或 whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语
19、从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用 that，也可省略。 This is one of those things with which we have to put up. This is one of those things (whichthat) we have to put up with. 3)引导定语从句的关系副词有 when, where, why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个 “介词 +which”的结构。 Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are full
20、y expressed through the drawings. No one knows the reason why (=for which) he was so angry that day. *非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用 that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。 Every object has a gravitational pull, which is rather like magnetism. *“介词 +whichwhomwhose”引导的定语从句 “介词
21、+whichwhomwhose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。 This is the computer on which he spent all his savings. It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar. *as引导的定语从句 as 引导的定语从句主要用于 “such.as”及 “the same.as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。 as引导非限制 性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。 Thes
22、e are not such problems as can be easily solved. (as代替先行词 problems) As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语 ) 。 6. 状语从句 *时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有： 1） when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。 We have learnt quite a
23、lot about it since we came here. 2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely).when,no sooner.than,each(every) time,the moment,immediately(that)等。 As soon as I sent a message, I received positive responses. The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy. *地点状语从句 英语 语法初步 倒装与从句 5 引导地点状语从句的连词是 where, wherever.
24、Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her. *原因、结果和目的状语从句 1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有： because, as, since, now(that), seeing that, considering that, in that等。 Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well. 2)引导结果状语从句的连词有： so.that, such.that, so that, that, so 等。 Mickey Mouse is
25、so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave. 3)引导目的状语从句的连词有： so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。 We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station. *条件和让步状语从句 1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有 if, unless, as(so) long
26、 as, on condition that, in case, provided(providing) that, supposing等。 As long as you have the right equipment, you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data. 2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有 though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how.),whatever(whenever,wherever,however) 等。 thoug
27、h, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有 as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为 “形容词（副词、动词、名词） +as+主语 +谓 语 ”。 No matter what you may say, I would not change my mind. Young as he is, he is quite experienced in this work. (=though he is young) Child as he is, he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child) *方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的连词有 as, just as, as if, as though等。 as if, as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。 The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him. Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.
