1、1第 2 节 四种题型解读题型一 细节理解题事实认定 数字确定 顺序排列通过阅读，认定文中出现的who，what，when，where，which，how 等具体事实信息。对文中所涉及的年代、年龄、数量、钱款等进行规整、计算、换算，得出试题所要求的答案。对文中所列举的事实、事项、事件等按照时间、空间或逻辑顺序进行恰当排序。解题技巧1.略读、跳读，锁定与问题相关的信息范围，定位相关的词语或句子。2读选项，理解各选项的意义，比较各选项的意义差别。3通过直接信息认定、同义替换对应，筛选出正确答案。4重点关注给出的例证、类比、顺序等重要信息点。(2018全国卷，A)Washington，D.C.Bic
2、ycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.Duration：3 hoursThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the worldfamous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve
3、 your spot before availabilityand the cherry blossomsdisappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours(4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington，D.C.Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique
4、facts and history at each stop.Guided tour includes bike，helmet，cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.Duration：3 hoursMorning or Afternoon，this bike tour is the perfect tour for DC.newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington，D.C.in a healthy way with minimum ef
5、fort.Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most interesting stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and parks.Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线)make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration：3 hours(7 miles)2Join a sma
6、ll group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington，D.C.Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall.Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history.Tour includes bike，helmet，and
7、 bottled water.All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.21Which tour do you need to book in advance?ACherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.BWashington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.CCapital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.DWashington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
8、解题指导 考查细节理解题之事实认定。根据第一部分中的“Reserve your spot before availability and the cherry blossomsdisappear！”可知，这个骑自行车旅游需要提前预定。故选 A 项。22What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour? AMeet famous people.BGo to a national park.CVisit well-known museums.DEnjoy interesting stories.解题指导 考查细节理解题之事实认定。根据第三部分中的“Kno
9、wledgeable guides will entertain you with the most，interesting stories about Presidents，Congress，memorials，and parks.”可知，在这个活动中，你可以欣赏到有趣的故事。故选 D 项。23Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?ACity maps. BCameras.CMeals. DSafety lights.解题指导 考查细节理解题之事实认定。根据最后一部分中的“All riders are eq
10、uipped with reflective vests and safety lights.”可知，所有骑车人都配备了反光背心和安全灯。故选 D 项。(2018全国卷，A节选)Welcome to Holker Hall they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.27From which is the text probably taken?AA biology textbook.BA health m
11、agazine.CA research paper.DA travel brochure.解题指导 考查推理判断题之文章出处。全文主要介绍了一些七月成熟的果实以及这些果实的营养成分等，这当然与健康饮食有关，这类文章应该是刊载在健康杂志上。故选 B 项。干扰项分析 考生很容易误选 C 项，这是受到了第二段对营养成分介绍的干扰，因此误以为本文摘自研究性论文。题型三 主旨大意题确定文章标题 概括全文主题 概括段落大意标题是文章的题目，它不是主题，但限定主题的范围，可表达主题，是对主题的提炼和浓缩，表现形式多为短语，尤其是名词短语。主题是文章的中心思想，是作者所要表达的中心意思，有的直接出现在文中，有
12、的需要通过综合全文的内容概括归纳得出。段落大意是指段落的中心意思。文章常由多个段落组成，共同支撑全文主题，但每段又分述不同的意思，可通过归纳、演绎等方法概括得出。解题1.细读文章或段落的首句、中间句和尾句，主题往往就在这些地方出现。2特别关注 however，but 等表示转折的信息词，主题很可能就在这类词的后面出6技巧现。3表示结论性的信息词如 so，thus，therefore 等后面通常会出现主题句。4对记叙文要会根据所述事件进行归纳概括，领会其寓意，总结出文章的主题。5标题是对主题句的高度概括，用词更少，简明扼要，有时会用形象化的语句。(2018全国卷，D)Weve all been
13、there: in a lift，in line at the bank or on an airplane，surrounded by people who are，like us，deeply focused on their smartphones or，worse，struggling with the uncomfortable silence.Whats the problem? Its possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence.Its more likely that none of us
14、start a conversation because its awkward and challenging，or we think its annoying and unnecessary.But the next time you find yourself among strangers，consider that small talk is worth the trouble.Experts say its an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.Dismissing small talk as unim
15、portant is easy，but we cant forget that deep relationships wouldnt even exist if it werent for casual conversation.Small talk is the grease(润滑剂)for social communication，says Bernardo Carducci，director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast.“Almost every great love story an
16、d each big business deal begins with small talk， ”he explains.“The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others，not just communicate with them.”In a 2014 study，Elizabeth Dunn，associate professor of psychology at UBC，invited people on their way into a coffee shop.One group was
17、asked to seek out an interaction(互动 )with its waiter; the other，to speak only when necessary.The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience.“Its not that talking to the waiter is better than talking to y
18、our husband， ”says Dunn.“But interactions with peripheral(边缘的)members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging，a bond with others.Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging s
19、tarts with small talk.“Small talk is the basis of good manners， ”he says.35What is the best title for the text?AConversation CountsBWays of Making Small TalkCBenefits of Small Talk 7DUncomfortable Silence解题指导 考查主旨大意题之确定标题。文章主要讨论了闲聊在人际交往中的重要作用，故选 C 项。干扰项分析 有些考生会误选 B 项，但 B 项是片面的，文章的主旨并不是介绍如何进行闲聊。因此 B
20、项犯了以偏概全的错误。(2018全国卷，B)Cities usually have a good reason for being where they are，like a nearby port or river.People settle in these places because they are easy to get to and naturally suited to communications and trade.New York City，for example，is near a large harbour at the mouth of the Hudson Riv
21、er.Over 300 years its population grew gradually from 800 people to 8 million.But not all cities develop slowly over a long period of time.Boom towns grow from nothing almost overnight.In 1896，Dawson，Canada，was unmapped wilderness(荒野)But gold was discovered there in 1897，and two years later，it was on
22、e of the largest cities in the West，with a population of 30,000.Dawson did not have any of the natural conveniences of cities like London or Paris.People went there for gold.They travelled over snow-covered mountains and sailed hundreds of miles up icy rivers.The path to Dawson was covered with thir
23、ty feet of wet snow that could fall without warming.An avalanche(雪崩)once closed the path，killing 63 people.For many who made it to Dawson，however，the rewards were worth the difficult trip.Of the first 20,000 people who dug for gold,4,000 got rich.About 100 of these stayed rich men for the rest of th
24、eir lives.But no matter how rich they were，Dawson was never comfortable.Necessities like food and wood were very expensive.But soon，the gold that Dawson depended on had all been found.The city was crowded with disappointed people with no interest in settling down，and when they heard there were new g
25、old discoveries in Alaska，they left Dawson City as quickly as they had come.Today，people still come and go to see where the Canadian gold rush happened.Tourism is now the chief industry of Dawson City its present population is 762.27What is the text mainly about?AThe rise and fall of a city.BThe gol
26、d rush in Canada.CJourneys into the wilderness.DTourism in Dawson.解题指导 考查主旨大意题之概括全文主题。第一段简要介绍城市发展的原因，从而引出 Dawson 这一城市的兴起；第二段介绍了该城市兴起的原因；第三段介绍人们选择离开该城市的原因及现在的状况，所以全文是围绕 Dawson 这个城市的起起伏伏而进行的，故8选 A 项。题型四 词义猜测题猜测词义 代词指代 猜测句意根据上下文猜测单词或短语的含义。根据上下文猜测代词it，they，that，these，those 等代指的人或物。根据上下文猜测某个句子的含义。解题技巧1.利
27、用针对性的解释，如定义、同位语、定语从句、重述等。2利用标点符号，如破折号、冒号、分号、引号后面的内容或括号中的内容。3利用文中列举的例子或给出的同义词、反义词等。4根据内文逻辑关系，如并列、对比、因果关系等。5根据构词法，如前缀、后缀、复合词等。例 1 2018全 国 卷 ， C节 选 Soon afterwards，many of those people started settling down to become farmers，and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent cent
28、uries，trade，industrialisation，the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education，especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades，all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are inc
29、reasingly taking over.29Which of the following best explains“dominant” underlined in Paragraph 2?AComplex. BAdvanced.CPowerful. DModern.解题指导 考查词义猜测题之猜测词义。根据本段的“.all have caused many languages to disappear，and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.”可知，所有这
30、些导致了很多语言的消失，英语、西班牙语和汉语逐渐占主导地位，故选 C 项。例 2 2017全 国 卷 ， D节 选 Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive，the tables are turned.The attacker who
31、 was lunching now becomes lunch.33What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?A. The attackers get attacked.B. The insects gather under the table.C. The plants get ready to fight back.D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.9解题指导 考查词义猜测题之猜测句意。根据第三段中的“The attacker who was lunc
32、hing now becomes lunch.”可知，正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选 A 项。例 3 2017全 国 卷 ， C节 选 Its Jason Morans job to help change that . As the Kennedy Centers artistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make the music more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.29What does th
33、e underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to?A. Jazz becoming more accessible.B. The production of jazz growing faster.C. Jazz being less popular with the young.D. The jazz audience becoming larger. 解题指导 考查词义猜测题之代词指代。根据语境可知，画线词 that 指代上段“Despite the celebrations, though, in the US. the jazz audience continues to shrink and grow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选 C 项。
