1、1一、主语表示法1、名词作主语David arrived last night. 大卫昨晚到达。Pride goes before a fall. 骄必败。2、代词作主语Who is speaking, please? （在电话中）请问您是谁？ Thats OK. 这没问题。3、数词作主语Two will be enough. 两个就够了。Two-thirds of the workers are women. 三分之二的工人是女工。4、 ing 形式（动名词）作主语Skating is good exercise. 溜冰是很好的运动。Looking up all the new words
2、in the dictionary took him a lot of time.从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。5、 不定式作主语To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。6、名词化的形容词作主语2The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业的人生活一般很困难。7、短语（词组）作主语How to do
3、 well is an important question.如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好。8、从句作主语What has happened proves that our policy is right.发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。Whether well go depends on the weather.我们是否去要看天气。9、副词、介词短语作主语Slowly is exactly how he speaks.Between 8 and 9 will suit me
4、.二、用 it 作主语的句子（一）it 作人称代词1、代表刚提到的东西以避免重复3Where is my book? - It is on the desk.2、代表抽象的事物It is very kind of you to help me.3、指某种动物Is this your dog? -No, it isnt.4、指未知性别的婴儿What a beautiful baby? -Is it a boy?5、指彼此都知道的东西When did it happen?（二）it 作非人称代词1、指天气It is a fine day.2、指时间It is seven oclock now.3、
5、指距离How far is it from here to Guanzhou?4、指重量It is three jin altogether.5、指环境It is very crowded here in the weekend.（三）it 表示强调强调句型：It is/was who/thatIt was in the park that I met your father.It is you who I want to look for.4（四）it 作先行主语 (几种句型 )1、be + 形容词 + 不定式It is very difficult to finish the job in
6、 time.2、be + 名词 + 不定式It is my duty to look after his children.3、be + 介词短语 + 不定式It is beyond me to say why.4、及物动词 + 宾语 + 不定式It takes me three days to finish the task.5、be + 名词 + 动名词It is no use saying too much about it now.6、be + 形容词 + 动名词It is worthwhile reading the novel.7、其他结构It doest matter makin
7、g some mistakes.It doest make any difference passing the exam.It felt funny dressing like that.（五）it 用于主语从句（常见的几种句型）1It is a pity (a shame, a fact, an honour, a wonder, a good thing, good news, no wonder etc.) that It is a pity that he cant come.52It is strange (natural, surprising, obvious, true, f
8、ortunate, good, wonderful, funny, ridiculous, possible, impossible, likely, unlikely, quite clear, unusual, etc.) that It is strange that he should know the answer.3It seems (happened, thus came about, turned out, suddenly struck me, occurred to me, etc.) thatIt seems that he doesnt like this film.4
9、It is said ( reported, rumoured, announced,arranged, decided, stressed, expected, etc.) that It is said that he has been sent to America.5It is doubtful (not known, not decided, notmade clear, to be found out, to be made clear,to be argued, to be discussed, to be decided, being discussed, being cons
10、idered, a question,a mystery, debatable, uncertain, open to question, etc.) 连接代词或连接副词引导的从句. It is doubtful whether he will come next week.It was a question whether he should get 6married.It is not decided who will take part in the game.6.It doest matter ( doesnt make too much difference, doesnt seem
11、 to matter much, doest need to be bothered, doesnt alter the situation, is of little consequence, doesnt affect us, etc.) 连接代词或连接副词引导的从句.It doesnt matter where we will go travelling.It makes no difference whether we go by train or by plane.（六）it 的其他用法1、可表示“是谁（在某处或做某事）Who is that? - Its me.What is th
12、at noise? - Its only the dog.2、泛指某件事It is my turn.It doesnt matter.三、主语从句1. 由 that 引导：That price will go up is certain.That she is stiil alive makes us very happy.72. 由 what 引导： What you need is more practice.你需要的是更多的练习。What I want to know is this.我想知道的是这一点。What they are attacking is Marxism-Leninis
13、m itself.他们所攻击的是马列主义本身。What is hard is to do good all ones life and never do anything bad.难的是一辈子做好事，不做坏事。What little she said has left us much to think about.她说的短短几句话很发人深思。 3、由连接代（副）词引导：Why she should have said such a thing puzzled him. Whom we should send as our representative remains to be discuss
14、ed. When and where this took place is still unknown. Whether we should call this kind of sentence elliptical is open to question. How she should word the letter troubled her g8reatly. Who is to take Xiao Zhous place as secretary is not yet settled. Whatever was said here must be kept secret.这里说的话都应当
15、保密。Whatever measures we adopt must be in conformity with the general line.我们采取的任何措施都应符合总路线。Whoever sides with the revolutionary people is a revolutionary.什么人站在革命人民方面，他就是革命派。Whoever falls to see this will make a big blunder.谁要是看不到这一点就要犯极大错误。四、there 引导的句子there be.”句型是存在句的常用基本结构，there 在句中处于主语位置，起形式主语的作
16、用，真正的主语是随后的名词词组。其谓语动词通常是 be 的各种时、体等形式。如：There is ice on the lake. 湖上有冰。There were three students in the classroom then. 当时教室有三个学生。There has never been anybody like you. 从来还没有像你这样的人。9There will be snow on high ground.在高地上将会有雪。除此之外, there be 句型还有一些特殊的结构： 1.there + 情态助动词 + be 表示 “预见”、“可能”、 “必然” 或“过去习惯存
17、在” 等。如：There might be some desserts if you wait a bit. 如果你等一会儿，可能会有甜点。There ought to have been someone on duty all the time. 本来应该有人全天值班。There shall be no more wars. 再也不会打仗了。也可以用 there + 某些半助动词 + be(很少使用完成体形式)，如： be going to, be certain to, be sure to, be likely to, have to be等。There is going to be a
18、 rain. 要下雨了。Theres likely to be an interview.可能会有一场面试。There has to be a mistake. 必定有错。2.在正式文体中，某些表示存在、发生、出现、坐落等意义的不及物动词也可以与 there 连用，如：appear, seem, come, 10remain, exist, live, stand, lie, arise, enter, follow, occur, rise, grow, happen, belong, arrive, fly, flash, sail, pass, run, spring up, emerg
19、e 等。如： There exist many ancient temples in the country. 那个国家有很多古老的寺庙。There lies a small village in the mountain.山里有个小村子。Once upon a time, there lived an old queer man in the city. 从前，城里住着个怪老头。There remains nothing more to be done. 没有什么别的事可做了。There followed the first world war. 接着就是第一次世界大战。There flas
20、hed through his mind the image of a heroic fighter.他的头脑中闪过英雄战士的形象。There sprang up a wild gale.突然刮起一阵狂风。偶尔也能见到 there 后接及物动词： There struck me a sudden idea. 突然我有了一个主意。如果句中的地点状语前移就可以省略11there。 如： Behind the house (there) is a small river. 3. there + 不定式 to be 或 there + being 形式，称为非限定存在句，可以作主语、宾语、介词补足成分
21、。1) 作主语There being a railway station in the town is a great advantage. 镇上有个火车站，真方便呀！ “there to be+NP”作主语时，通常用 for 作引导词: For there to be a mistake in a computers arithmetic is impossible. 计算机计算错误是不可能的。It was seldom for there to be no late comers. 新来者很少没有迟到的。2) 作宾语The committee anticipated there being
22、 less debate in the second discussion. 委员会期望在第二次讨论中争议能少一些。We expect there to be no objections. 我们希望不会有人反对。Id prefer there to be more cooperation. 我希望有更多的合作。123) 作介词补足成分： 介词是 for, 用 there to be 形式； 介词不是 for，则用 there being 形式。 Whats the chance of there being an election this year?今年进行选举的可能性有多大？ We hav
23、e no objection to there being a meeting here. 在这儿举行会议，我们不反对。Jill is waiting for there to be a big party.吉尔等着举行一次盛大的晚会。此外，there + being 形式还可以用作状语分句，形成独立主格结构： There being no further discussion, the chairman stood up and left the meeting-room.没有可讨论的了，主席站了起来，离开了会议室。There having been no rain，the stream was dry. 一直没有下雨，小溪都干涸了。 “there be.”句型的难点在于它的非限定形式, 怎样分辨使用 there to be 和 there being 呢? 两个要点是关键：它们在句子中的成分及与句子中其他成分的搭配关系。如非限定形式的第 2 小点中的例句：anticipate与 there being 搭配，而 expect 和 prefer 与13there to be 配伍。
