1、中国教育改革教育改革的体制理论：中国的经验与启示读中国教育体制论被评论的文献是孙绵涛教授用英文撰写的著作“The Concept of Tizhi in Chinese Education”(中国教育体制论 ，辽宁人民出版社 2004 年版)。从题目上看，该著作讨论的是“教育领域的理论及政策”问题，这无疑会使那些想了解中国教育体制理论及政策的人们产生强烈的兴趣。该书作者致力于对“体制”这个概念给出一个具体的、理论上的详细解释，坚持这个术语的民族特点，认为该术语同英文“system”不完全对等，因为“system”译成汉语有“系统” 、 “体系”等意思。西方的学者们把上述两个术语运用于教育方面时
2、包含了各种各样的组成部分，而构成这个中国“体制”术语的两个汉字有着比较确定的含义，即只包括“机构”和“规范”两个基本的要素。作者查阅了大量文献，寻找有关在中国对“体制”术语传统的以及现代的详细解释来对这一理解进行论证。这部著作具有重要的学术价值，首先是对体制问题作了有深度的思考，其次是广泛地运用了分析哲学、政策分析、系统分析、组织理论、机构理论等现代理论，再次是资料丰富，包括比较详实的史料和采访各个层面的教育部门的行政工作人员、校长、专家以及调查中国不同地区的学校得来的实际材料。按照以前对教育体制通常的理解，教育体制指的只是单个的要素，它指的是教育行政管理机构职责权限划分的制度。在具体运用时，
3、教育体制指的是教育管理机构或者是教育制度如招生分配制度等，并涵盖一些单个的教育体制的子系统，如基础教育管理体制、高等教育管理体制以及学校内部管理体制等。本书作者则在分析自 1985年以来中国政府制定的教育改革文献以及其他大量文献的基础上，提出了一个比较系统的教育体制理论模式。在该模式中，教育体制的组成要素及子系统都被认为不是单个的，而是由各级和各类不同的教育机构和相应的教育规范这两个要素所组成的不同层次和不同类型的子体制系统。由学校教育机构和相应规范所组成的学校教育体制子系统包含的不仅是从学前、初等、中等到高等不同级别的学校教育体制，而且还有不同类型的学校教育体制。由教育管理机构与相应规范所组
4、成的教育管理体制不仅包括由教育行政机构与相应规范所组成的教育行政体制，还包括由学校内的管理机构与相应规范所组成的学校管理体制。教育行政体制包括不同层次和不同类型的教育行政体制，如教育人事行政体制、教育财政体制、教育业务行政体制（指教学、科研、体育卫生、招生就业和教育的对外交流等方面的行政体制）以及教育督导和评估体制等。学校内部管理体制则包括由学校决策机构与相应规范相结合而形成的学校领导体制，由实施决策的机构与相应规范相结合而形成的学校执行体制，由咨询机构与相应规范相结合而形成的咨询体制以及由监督反馈机构与相应规范相结合而形成的监督反馈体制四个子体制。作者还分析了教育体制中教育机构与教育规范及子
5、体制系统学校教育体制与教育管理体制，教育管理体制中教育行政体制与学校管理体制之间的关系。作者认为教育机构是教育体制的载体，教育规范是教育体制的核心；学校教育体制是教育体制赖以存在的前提，教育管理体制是教育体制得以运行的保证；教育行政体制是宏观的管理体制，而学校管理体制是学校内的微观管理体制。在对教育政策文献的分析中，作者评价了中国教育体制政策的连续性和继承性，并认为只有考虑到教育体制理论中所有要素，才能制定有成效的教育体制政策。在任何一个国家，改革教育体制或者从改革教育机构和教育规范两大要素开始，或者从改革教育体制的三个子系统即学校教育体制、教育行政体制和学校管理体制开始。对于我们国家教育系统
6、的领导者和实践工作者来说，最感兴趣的可能是该书的第七章和第八章。在这里作者运用自己教育体制理论的模式，分析了中国现行的教育政策，首先是从国家层面进行分析，然后是从学校层面进行分析。换句话说，他指出如何反映各类型、各层次教育机构改革与教育规范改革之间以及学校教育体制改革与教育管理体制改革之间的相互联系。他提出不少可能也有益于俄罗斯的有趣建议。让我们分析其中的几个。关于教育规范的改革，作者强调必须全面规划分阶段实施改革。在中国，就像大多数国家一样，总共有四个基本的应该改革的国家教育政策，即教育质量政策、教育体制政策、教育经费政策和教师政策。中国正在从教育实施的法规和保障教育实施的法规两方面建立和完
7、善教育法规体系。教育机构改革的前提首先是回答如何对待教育机构，如怎样看待学校这个教育实施机构。作者提出，在市场经济的冲击下有些学校特别是有些大学办得有点像企业或小社会，这就会分散校长谋求学校学术发展和提高育人质量的精力。作者认为，学校虽然是社会的一部分，但学校是育人的场所，学校办得应像学校，应有自己独立的学术和育人的品位。作者清晰、详细地分析了系统进行学校教育体制改革的可能性。在此又发现与俄罗斯情景相似。比如，作者认为学校教育必须与学前教育互相协调。这也正是目前俄罗斯正在争论的话题，也就是帮助儿童尽快适应学校的一年级的学习生活。而作者关于把 12 年学习期限缩短成 9 年的意见一定会得到许多俄
8、罗斯教育活动家的响应。In July last year, China unveiled a comprehensive plan to reform Chinas education system over the coming decade. Later, towards the end of the year, the State Council issued an important “Notice for the Implementation of National Education Reform,“ signaling that after almost 3 years of p
9、lanning, education reforms would now begin to be implemented. This weeks issue of the Economic Observer takes a look at some of the initiatives and pilot programs that are being undertaken.For an interactive version of the above map of various educational reform programs being introduced across the
10、country - click hereBEIJINGQinghua, Beida Collaborate in Pilot Education Reform Program By Liu JinsongNation, page 9Issue 501, January 4, 2011Original article: Chinese Qinghua and Beida, rival institutions in the world of Chinese academia, have implemented a joint pilot program to mentor and develop
11、 talent in the sciences in higher education. Students are traditionally granted admission based on the grades they achieve in the annual college entrance exams or gaokao. The Qinghua and Beida pilot program is an attempt to change this one-size-fits-all system. Under the new program, Qinghua and Bei
12、da will have a greater degree of independence in selecting their students. They will be permitted to admit a number of “outstanding talents.“ The program, intended to promote admissions based on independent criteria, offers “direct admission“ to “special students.“ Students can be fast-tracked to Qi
13、nghua or Beida in high school. After being selected, they undergo two years of prep work before being automatically offered admission into the university.The practice of direct admission was not a part of the original pilot program, intended to reform graduate admissions. Admissions officers were en
14、couraged to look at overall undergraduate performance, to interview applicants, hold a separate English exam and appraise any intern work they may have done with the university faculty. The controversial measure has attracted widespread attention, mostly negative. Many point out that the main proble
15、m is the university admissions process, which lacks credibility and is a breeding ground for corruption and cheating. TIANJINEqual Access to Education: Its Not About the MoneyBy Tian Peng Nation, page 10Issue 501, January 4, 2011Original article: Chinese Late last year, the State Council issued the
16、“Notice for the Implementation of National Education Reform“ also known as Notice 48. Notice 48 cites the promotion of equal access to compulsory education as a priority for a number of cities, including Tianjin, Beijing, and Shanghai. Many schools in Tianjin, unless they are key schools, have diffi
17、culty attracting qualified teachers and funds for improving facilities. Tianjin has focused on attracting qualified personnel and investing in struggling schools. Measures include sending “exemplary“ teachers to rural areas, encouraging high-performing schools to support struggling schools, and form
18、ing school “cooperatives“.The measures have enjoyed very limited success. Problems still remain. With inequalities still remaining as schools compete to 1) attract the best students and 2) have as many of their “graduates“ as possible move on and be admitted to a key high school. Many in Tianjin ins
19、ist that the key school system should be abolished, though this will do little to reduce the huge gap between the conditions of different school districts. Additionally, Tianjin has a population of over 140,000 migrant students and no way to accommodate them.SHANDONGA Different Kind of High School B
20、y Peng LijingNation, page 10Issue 501, January 4, 2011Original article: Chinese Shandong is piloting a program for a different kind of high school; Qingdao No. 2 is a prime example.Qingdao No. 2 High School only conducts 5 classes a day and 40 minutes per class. The school allows the students to exp
21、lore personal interests and research, and hosts student groups such as “Model UN.“ The high school also funds sports and art classes, as well as classes in business and problem solving. The school aims at encouraging independent thinking and leadership. San Xianliang, the principal of Qingdao No. 2,
22、 says he regrets the exam-oriented nature of Chinas schools, and wanted a more efficient, student-oriented type of school. Qingdao No. 2 has been touted as a model for education reform. But many point out the exhorbitant funding and work necessary to implement the Qingdao model on a large scale, and also note that Qingdao recruits many of the best students in the area. But even critics acknowledge that the exam-oriented approach to education needs a complete overhaul.This feature was edited by Paul Pennay, the google map was produced by Guo Wei and Ruoji Tang
