1、读语篇学语法强调句与倒装句Alaska, which was called Russian America before it was sold to the United States, joined the Union as the 49th state in 1959.Alaska is now the largest of all the 50 states of the USA. It was in 1867 that President Andrew Johnsons Secretary of States（国务卿）, William H. Seward, bought Alask
2、a from the Russians at the cost of $7.2 million. The buying of the northern land seemed at first something foolishly done. Not only was Alaska difficult to reach, but it was also hard to live in, and it appeared to be of no importance in time of war. Besides there are volcanoes （火山） there as Alaska
3、lies on the Pacific “ring of fire”. In Alaska large treeless areas are covered with snow all the year round. For these reasons the buying of Alaska was called “Sewards Folly（蠢事） ” at that time.However, in 1896, gold was found in Alaska, and people poured into the land. Then other important natural r
4、esources were discovered, including oil. But now most people visit Alaska in order to see the endless beauty of nature that the northern land discloses to them. For example, there are about 11,000 islands in Alaska. And in a certain area of Alaska the sun doesnt set for 82 days every year.强调句：顾名思义，强
5、调句就是对句子的某一成分进行强调，以加强语气或引起重视。英语中常见的表示强调的方式有以下三种：1. 用助动词 do(一般现在时 ), does(一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数形式 )和 did(一般过去时 )来强调 谓语动词 。如：1）The girls do look pretty today.2）The little girl does look nice in that green dress today. 3）The boys did have a good time last night. 从上述结构不难看出，强调谓语动词时只有两种时态一般现在时和一般过去时。2. 固定句型：强调句的
6、句型主要是：It is / was that / who / whom。该句型可以用来强调除谓语动词以外的任何成分。例如上文中的：It was in 1867 that President Andrew Johnsons Secretary of States（国务卿）, William H. Seward, bought Alaska from the Russians at the cost of $7.2 million. 该句强调了时间状语 in 1867。意思是： 正是在 1867 年 ，当时担任美国总统 Andrew Johnson 国务卿的William H. Seward 以七
7、百二十万美元的价格从俄罗斯人手里买下了阿拉斯加。2）It was their teacher who helped them solve the problem. 正是他们的老师 帮他们解决了这一问题。3）It was Lucy whom Tom met in the party yesterday.Tom 昨天在聚会上见到的正是 Lucy。注意： 该句型中的 that，who 和 whom 都不可以省略。 that 与 who 和 whom 之间的区别。被强调的部分 例句可以是事、物、人、时间、地点等除了谓语之外的其他任何句子成分1. It was Lucy that Tom met in
8、the party yesterday.（强调宾语）2. It was Tom that met Lucy in the party yesterday. （强调主语）3. It was yesterday that Tom met Lucy in the party.（强调时间状语）4. It was in the party that Tom met Lucy. （强调地点状语）that除了可以强调词、短语之外，还可以强调从句It is because he doesnt have any experience that he does not know how to deal with
9、the situation. （强调原因状语从句）who 只能是人；可以强调主语和宾语 1. It was Tom who met Lucy in the party yesterday. （强调主语）2. It was Lucy who Tom met in the party yesterday.（强调宾语）whom 只能是人；而且只能强调宾语 It was Lucy whom Tom met in the party yesterday.（强调宾语） 即使是强调时间状语或地点状语也不用 when 或 where，只能用 that。例如1）It was last month that I
10、bought a video camera. (该句中的 that 不能换成 when)2）It was in London that I met her for the first time. (该句中的 that 不能换成 where) that 和 who 在强调句中充当主语时，谓语动词的数要与被强调部分的人称和数保持一致；另外，其时态也要保持一致。例如：1）It is I who am responsible for the traffic accident.2）It was in the 1960s that the trade between the two countries r
11、eached its highest point. 还有一种发生了改变的强调句型：It is / was not until +被强调部分 时间状语（词、短语或从句） + that 从句（用肯定句） 。例如：1）It was not until 11:45 that he went to bed.2）It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.3. 其他可以用于表示强调的方式： 用副词或短语表示强调，以加强语气，如：only, even, much, enou
12、gh, by far, still, well, very, terribly, simply, on earth（究竟） , in the world（究竟） , under the sun（究竟） , at all（根本） 等。例如：1）What on earth does this mean?2）The book is well worth reading. 用双重否定表示肯定并强调。例如：1）Its never too late to learn. 用倒装句表示强调。1）Only then did I realize that I was wrong.2）By no means is
13、translation easy.3）Not only did I make a promise, but I also kept it.倒装句：在英语中比较常见的句子语序都是主语+谓语，例如：I have a book. 而倒装句则采用的句子语序是谓语+主语的形式。例如：Here comes the bus.倒装语序分为两种形式：部分倒装和全部倒装。1. 部分倒装：谓语中的一部分（如助动词 do, does, did, have, has, had, will, shall, would, should 等、情态动词 can, could, may, might, must, would,
14、should, need 等或 be 动词 am, is, are, was, were 等）放在主语的前面，而谓语动词的其它部分则仍然放在主语的后面。例如：Only yesterday did he find out that his radio was missing.At no time will China be a superpower. 使用部分倒装的情况主要有以下几种：含有否定意义的副词或短语，如：never, seldom, little, hardly, scarcely, rarely, nowhere, not, no more, no longer, by no mea
15、ns, in no way, at no time, under no circumstances （决不） , not until 等放在句首时，句子用部分倒装。例如：1) Not a single word have his parents heard from him since he left home.2) Seldom does she quarrel with her parents.3) Not until she took off her dark glasses did I recognize her.（注意：not until 放在句首时，后面的从句不使用倒装语序，只有主
16、句倒装。 ）4）Hardly had he got into the room when the phone rang.（注意：以 hardly / scarcely when, no soonerthan，意思是“一就” ，引出的句子中，hardly, scarcely 或 no sooner 置于句首时，主句倒装，主语 谓语谓语 主语即 hardly, scarcely 或 no sooner 后面的句子使用倒装语序，并且用过去完成时；而 when 或 than 从句则用陈述语序，并且用一般过去时。 ）以 not only but also开头的句子使用倒装语序。例如上文中的第句：Not
17、only was Alaska difficult to reach, but it was also hard to live in, and it appeared to be of no importance in time of war.注意：只有 not only 后面的句子使用倒装语序， but also 后面的句子使用陈述语序。但是，当 not only but also连接并列主语时，句子不使用倒装语序。例如：Not only he bust also you are wrong.另外，当 not only but also置于句中时，句子不使用倒装语序。例如：She can
18、speak not only English but also French. 以副词 so 开头的句子置于句首，表示前面一句的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用倒装语序。常用结构是：so+ 情态动词或助动词或 be 动词 +主语 。例如：1) He is right, and so am I.2) She loves swimming; so does he.另外，在以 so 开头的句型 so+形容词或副词 +主句 + that 从句 中，主句要使用倒装语序, that 后面的从句使用陈述语序。例如：So much does the boy worry about his final exami
19、nation that he cant sleep at night. 当 neither 或 nor 放在句首，表示前面一句所说的否定情况也适用于另一个人或物时，意思是“也不” ，用倒装语序。常用结构是：neither / nor +情态动词或助动词或 be 动词 +主语 。例如：I have never been to New York, neither has she. as 引起让步状语从句，意思是“ 尽管 ”（相当于 although / though 引起的让步状语从句）时，用倒装语序。常用结构有三种：形容词 /动词 -ed 形式 /名词（不带冠词） as主语 be 动词Great
20、 as the author was, he proved a bad model. Injured as he was, he continued to help the other passengers.Child as she is, she knows a lot. 副词 as主语谓语动词Hard as he tried, he didnt pass the exam.动词原形 as主语助动词 /情态动词Try as they may, they will not succeed in the football game. only 用在句首用于限制状语（常用 副词、介词短语 或 状语
21、从句 ）时，句子或主句要使用倒装语序。常用结构可以分为两种：only+副词 /介词短语助动词 /情态动词主语谓语其它Only yesterday did he find out that his book was missing. (only+副词)Only in this way can we learn English well. (only+介词短语)only+状语从句（用陈述语序）主句（用倒装语序：助动词 /情态动词主语谓语其它）Only when they came back did I know what had happened.注意：如果 only 放在句首不是限制状语而是限制
22、主语时，句子不使用倒装语序。例如：Only Tom can solve this problem. 用在 省略了 if 的虚拟语气 句子中。在含有 were, had, should 的虚拟语气的句子中，如果省略了 if， 则将 were, had, should 置于句首，形成倒装语序。例如：1）If I were here, I should go. = Were I here, I should go.2）If she had come earlier, she would have caught the train.= Had she come earlier, she would h
23、ave caught the train.2. 全部倒装：指的是整个谓语置于主语之前。通常谓语动词只能是不及物动词，另外，时态只能是一般现在时和一般过去时。主要用于以下几种情况：There be 句型 是典型的倒装句，在这一句型中，there 作形式主语，be 后面的名词或名词性短语是真正的主语，be 在数上与后面的名词或名词性短语保持一致。例如上文中的第和句都是这种句型。Besides there are volcanoes （火山） there as Alaska lies on the Pacific “ring of fire”. For example, there are abou
24、t 11,000 islands in Alaska.There be 句型中的 there 可以换成 here；be 动词则可以用 arise, exist, seem, live, appear, come, go, lie, remain, follow, happen, enter, stand 等不及物动词替代。例如：There lies a big river in London.Here comes the taxi.当句首是表示时间、地点、方位等的副词，如：now, then, up, down, in, out, away, back, over, off 等，并且主语是名词
25、或名词性短语，谓语动词为不及物动词时，句子用全部倒装结构。例如：Now comes the winter vacation youre looking forward to.Out rushed the children.当句首是表示地点的 介词短语 时，用全部倒装。例如：On the top of the building flies the national flag.在使用倒装句时，要注意如果一个句子是复合句的话，不管它带有几个从句，倒装语序都只能用一次，即主句用倒装语序，而从句则一律使用陈述语序。相关练习：Directions: There are 20 incomplete sent
26、ences in this section. For each sentence, there are 4 choices of words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentences.1. It was _ who suggested that he go to Shanghai.A. hers B. her C. she D. herself2. It was in the 1960s _ the trade between the two countries reached i
27、ts highest point.A. that B. when C. where D. which3. She _ you a nice cat yesterday. A. does buy B. did buy C. do buy D. have bought4. _, he is not happy.A. Though rich is he B. Although rich he isC. As rich is he D. Rich as he is5. By no means _ good.A. this method is B. will this method beC. this
28、method will be D. are this method6. _ about computer for you to read.A .There the book is B. Here a book isC. Here is a book D. A book is7. _ that he could not say a word. A. So frightened he was B. So frightened was heC. So frightening he was D. So frightening was he8. _ come here again.A. Does B.
29、Did C. Do D. You does9. She never laughed, _ lose her temper.A. or she ever did B. or did she everC. nor did she ever D. nor she ever did10. _ all the fish died in the river that the villagers began to realize how serious the pollution was.A. It was not until B. Not untilC. Until D. It was until11.
30、We have been told that under no circumstances _ the telephone in the office for personal affairs.A. may we use B. we could useC. we may use D. did we use12. _, she would have caught the train.A. did she come earlier B. had she come earlierC. she had come earlier D. she came earlier13. It was in Lond
31、on _I met her for the first time. A. where B. that C. when D. which 14. From the speaker on the wall _.A. the doctors voice come B. the doctors voice do comeC. coming the doctors voice D. comes the doctors voice15. It is because she is new here _ she doesnt know where the bookshop is.A. who B. so C.
32、 so that D. that16. Then _ between the two countries in the 17th century.A. a war begin B. did a war beginC. began a war D. a war did begin17. Not only _ about the food but also refused to pay for it.A. he complained B. did he complainC. does he complain D. he complains18. _ only the two passengers
33、who got hurt in the car accident. A. It was B. It were C. There was D. It are19. Not until the game had begun _ at the sports ground.A. had he arrived B. he arrivedC. did he arrive D. he had arrived20. Only after years of hard work _ that money alone does not lead to happinessA. I realized B. I realize C. does I realize D. did I realize答案：15 CABDB 610 CBCCA 1115 ABBDD 1620 CBACD
