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1、1牛津高一英语学习笔记(2011 年 9 月 21 日始)Unit 1:School life一、重点单词:(key words )1、 nouns:experience assembly respect literature struggle satisfaction exchange graduate(graduation) kindness title dynasty professor host charge preparation event generation composition field grade German Spanish dessert article cultu

2、re photograph gift guest speech flat attention cover poet poem nature access form ease canteen appointment lecture dormitory laboratory break beam barbell mat court function timetable prevention fireman AIDS order chemistry politics biology geography circle venue programme context content clause aut

3、hor authoress goal poster design wording suggestion antecedent locker 所有月份和星期及其缩写,基数词和序数词及缩写2、verbs:earn devote surf donate inform run(manage,operate) approve select achieve e-mail drop miss introduce develop display please regret continue require skim scan serve present sign assess relax issue poss

4、ess(ion) advertise fail admire replace relate modify provide attract 3、adjectives enjoy ones dinner:饭吃的津津有味enjoy doing:喜欢做- be happy (pleased/satisfied)with: 对- 满意enjoy=be fond of 喜欢,喜爱 at lunch(dinner)=at lunchtime 在午(进) 餐时间mean to do sth. 计划做,打算做-; mean doing-意味着-attend an assembly/ a meeting:参加集会

5、; attend-on-出席(参加)-,照料- earn respect from :赢得- 的尊敬 respect sb /show ones respect for-尊敬某人;achieve high grades:取得高分 plan on- 口语打算;想要-devote oneself to:献身于,致力于; donate-to-把-捐献给-in the past year 在过去的一年中,去年 on average 平均not as-as- 不及-,不再像- used to(接动词原形) 过去常常-a bit 一点点 at first 起初,一开始first of all 首先 int

6、roduce oneself 自我介绍at lunchtime=during the lunch break improve a lot 进步很快for free( free of charge) 免费 sit on the grass 坐在草地上 3the way of life 生活方式 look back on 回忆,回顾 get a general idea of 了解大意 as well as 除-之外,既- 又-,而且word by word 逐字逐句的 and so on=etc.(et cetera) 等等 according to-按照- at the beginning o

7、f-在-开始the school hours 学校作息时间 manage to improve-设法提高-at/on the weekend(英)/(美) 在周末 not-until-直到- 才-at assembly 在会上 be different from-与- 不同be(become) used to 对-习惯 have respect for 尊敬,重视,关心 at least 至少 at-gate(entrance)在-大门口(入口)the way to-去- 的路 office building 办公大楼go straight on 一直向前走 had better(接动词原形)

8、最好-be available for-适宜做 - 有空 whether-or- 不论是-还是-be available from 从-处可获得 be available to-对-是可以利用的indoor swimming pool 室内游泳池 all year round 全年,一年到头come up with 提出,想出,赶上 come with 与-一起供给;伴随-发生 make sure 确保 - take good care of 好好照料-experienced nurse 经验丰富的护士 during break times 在休息时间serve three meals 供应三

9、餐 return from 从-返回develop an interest in 培养对 .的兴趣 find ones way around- 认识-路class teacher 班主任 sound like: 听起来像-at 3 p.m. on 9 October 在十月九日下午三点 per week 每星期for one thing 一方面 for another thing 另一方面4make good use of 充分利用 - attend school 上学tell a story 讲故事 refer to 参考,涉及,指的是,适用于in this case 在这种情况下 the

10、other day 几天前的某一天(与一般过去时连用)another day, some other day 改天 (与将来时连用)some day 有一天总有一天( 与将来时连用 one day 有一天某一天 (与过去时或将来时连用relate to-和-有关,涉及- leave out 遗漏,省去on what day 在星期几 at what time 在几点on the evening of 23 Oct 在 10 月 23 的晚上,when:问在几号?traffic safety(signs)交通安全(标志) fighting pollution 防治污染staying in goo

11、d health 保持健康 dynasties through the ages 历代王朝back cover 封底 Thank you for your kind attention 谢谢配合in charge of-掌管-负责- in the charge of-由-负责(掌管) much more than 比-更多 ,远不止 more than 胜过,不仅no more than 仅仅/和 一样不 not more than 不超过be responsible for 对-负责 far away from home 离家很远work on 从事于 achieve ones goal 完

12、成(达到) 目标require sb to do sth 要求某人做某事 allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事look over 检查,察看 sign up(for)签约参加(雇用)(报名参加,注册)upon/on doing- 一-就- start a school club 开办俱乐部 inform sb. of-/that 把 -告诉某人 as-as possible 尽可能地-pay attention to 注意 in short form 用宿略的形式,function as 当作使用, 具有.的功能 take place 发生make decision 作决定,

13、make comparison 作比较5take turns 轮流, follow the outline 按照纲要have sth approved by征得的同意 consist of 包含,由构成school hours 学校作息时间 than usual 比以往a bit/a little /例 a bit challenging 有点 not a bit 一点也不not a little 非常 He was not a little tired spend -(in)doing -/on 在上花费(时间金钱drop some subjects 放弃一些科目 such as /for

14、example/for instance 比如例如different way of life 不同的生活方式 on Monday evenings 每逢星期一晚上would like(love) to do / should like(love) to do 想、要做first of all 首先 introduce to 向介绍 prepare to do /be prepared to do/ in preparation for/make preparations for 准备 make sure that /of 确信、弄清楚 instead of /rather than 而不是pa

15、y attention to doing 注意 would rather than 与其不如They were charging us by volume rather than weight. 他们是按数量而不按 重量向我们收费。Could I have the broccoli steamed instead of boiled, please? 我的绿花椰菜可以用蒸的、不要用煮的吗?He would rather die than give in. 他宁愿死也不屈服compare with(to) 比较 A 与 B compare to 把 A 比作 B the more , the m

16、ore 越,越 save space/money 节省空间、金钱regret (not)to do (say/tell/inform)遗憾、抱歉地( 没)说、告知/通知.regret (not)having done /.regret (not)doing 后悔(没)做 another three days three other days three more days 另外三天三、本课句型和难点解析:1、Going to a British school for one year was a very enjoyable and exciting 6experience for me.此句

17、中 Going to 是动名词短语做主语。动词原形不能做主语。动名词或动名词短语做主语,表示习惯的行为,具有一般性、经常性,谓语动词用 单数( is a difficult habit to give up. 吸烟是一种难以戒除的坏习惯。is one thing; is another. 说是一回事,做是另一回事。 )2、This means I could get up an hour later than usual as schools in China begin before 8 a.m.a. mean 意味,意欲,打算I meant to go there yesterday.我原

18、打算昨天去那儿的。He said Tuesday, but he mean Thursday.他说的是周二,可他的意思是周四 。b. mean 表示、 、 、的意思,作、 、 、的解释Mean+n./pron/that clause 不用于进行时The red light means “stop”红灯表示停车。What does this word mean?c. mean 是、 、 、的迹象,意味着 mean+n./doing/that clauseMissing the flight means waiting for another 3 hours 赶不上这个航班意味着再等 3 小时Th

19、e simle on his face means that she is happy.她脸上的微笑说明她很幸福。d、 than usual 较平常She arrives later than usual.e、as 引导原因状语从句与 because 的区别1). because 表示直接原因,它所指的原因通常是听话人所不知道的,其语气最强。常用来回答 why 的提问,一般放于主句之后,也可以单独存在。2).as 是常用词,它表示的“原因”是双方已知的事实或显而易见的原因,或者理由不是很重要,含义与 since 相同,但语气更弱,没有 since 正式,常译为“ 由于,鉴于”。从句说明原因,主

20、句说明结果,主从并重。例如: (1)We all like her as she is kind. 我们都喜欢她,因为她善良。3).since 侧重主句,从句表示显然的或已为人所知的理由,常译为“因为”、“既然”,语气比 because 稍弱,通常置于句首,表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。例如: (1)Since he asks you, youll tell him why. 他既然问你,那就告诉他为什么吧。 (2)Since everyone is here, lets start. 既然大家都到齐了,我们就出发吧! 4). for 用作连词时,与 because 相似,但它所表示的原因往往提

21、供上文未交待过的情况。for 不表示直接原因,表明附加或推断的理由,因此 for 被看作等立连词,它所引导的分句只能放在句子后部(或单独成为一个句子),并且前后两个分句间的逻辑关系7不一定是因果关系,其间用逗号隔开,且 for 不可置于句首,for 的这一用法常用在书面语中,较正式。例如: It must have rained, for the ground is wet. (从“地面潮湿”作出“下过雨”的推测,但地湿并不一定是下雨所致, for 不可以换为 because。 ) 5).now that(既然)的用法:now that 同 since 相似,语气较弱,强调人们已知的事实。例:

22、Now that you are busy, let me do it for you. 既然你忙,就让我给你做吧3、He also told us that the best way to earn respect was to devote ourselves to study and achieve high grades.他还告诉我们赢得尊敬的最好方法是刻苦学习并取得好成绩。The best way to do sth is to结构用来表达做某事的最好方法是例如: The best way to learn English is to use it as often as possi

23、ble.注:that 引导直接宾语从句, to earn respect 不定式短语作 way 的定语,was 后是二个并列的不定式作 was 的表语,后一个 achieve 前的 to 常省略。study 在这里是名词,to 是介词。和动词不定式前的小品词是不一样的。这句较复杂,我们也可把 to earn respect 改为定语从句 (that/in which )we earned respect,那就更复杂了。王浩你明白了吗?4、so it was a struggle for me to remember all the faces and names 所以对我来说记住所有人的面孔和

24、名字可是一件难事。划线部分是不定式的复合结构,不定式的复合结构基本有三种:1、动词不定式的复合结构是“for / of sb. to do sth.”,for / of。其中 sb.作介词for 的宾语 ,也作后面的不定式的逻辑主语,表明动词不定式的动作是由 sb. 发出的。这种结构在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。不定式复合结构的介词用 for 还是 of,主要决定于前面形容词的性质。一般说来, of 前面的形容词是careful, clever, foolish, good, kind, nice, wise 等,既说明人的特性,又说明不定式动作的特性。 for 前面的形容词是

25、 dangerous, difficult, easy, hard, heavy, important, interesting, necessary 等,一般说明不定式动作的特性,不说明人的特性。前面如果是名词用 for。2、不定式有时可以与 what,which,who,how,when,where 等疑问词连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作宾语,也可作主语、表语等:Where to get so much money is a question.疑问词 why 后不能接不定式:误:I dont know why to leave. 正:I dont know why I must leave

26、.但是,why 后可接不带 to 的不定式(即动词原形):Why go with her? Why not tell her the truth? 有时“疑问词 +不定式”可以转换成相应的从句Tell me when to leave./Tell me when shall we leave.告诉我什么时候离开。3、动词不定式的否定式不定式的否定式是 not / never to do.,不带 to 的不定式的否定式是 not / never do.如:.His parents tell him never to drive after drinking.4、其它结构用法:8若 enough

27、前出现了否定词,则不仅否定了 enough , 而且否定其后的不定式。He was not strong enough to do the work. 他不够强壮,不能做这工作。 不定式中作结果状语的注意点:tooto有肯定与否定两种情况:1)某些形容词在 “tooto”结构中表示肯定,这类词是: anxious, eager, glad, ready, surprised, willing2)在 not, never, only, all, but 等后的 tooto结构中, too 的含义为 very,不定式没有否定含义只能后接不定式不能接动名词的 35 动词和短语ask, demand(

28、要求), plan, intend, mean(计划), manage, do / try ones best, make an attempt, (努力), learn(学习), wish, hope, desire, expect, long, want, would like, should like, would prefer(), wish,希望、愿意), agree, promise(同意),decide, determine, choose, make a decision, make up ones mind(决定), offer(主动提出), apply(申请), help(

29、帮助), fail(不能、没有), prepare(准备), pretend(假装), refuse(拒绝), happen(碰巧), afford( 负担得起) 等 只接动名词做宾语的动词短语mind 介意, enjoy 喜欢, give up 放弃, finish 完成, avoid 避免, escape 逃跑, stop 停止 , excuse 原谅 , delay 耽误, require 要求, suggest 建议, insist on 坚持, cant help 禁不住, complete 完成, deny 否认 , put off 推迟, favor 赞成,支持, underst

30、and 明白, risk 冒险, keep 保持, consider 考虑,imagine 想象、猜想,fear 害怕, include 包括, suffer 痛苦、遭受,report 报告,celebrate庆祝 prevent 阻止。等。allow, permit(允许), consider(考虑), appreciate (喜欢), miss(错过; 怀念),prevent(阻止), forbid(禁止), escape(避免), include(包括), forgive, pardon, excuse(原谅), dislike(厌恶), discuss(讨论), report(报道),

31、 admit(承认), cant stand(不能忍受 ), burst out(突然开始), feel like(想要), insist on(坚持), delay, put off(推迟), give up(放弃), be busy(忙于), be worth(值得) 等。9有些动词后面即可接-ing 又可接不定式即 permit, allow, encourage, advise, recommend, forbid 等一般用动词-ing 结构做宾语,但如有自己逻辑主语时要用不定式。The teacher forbids us to talk in class.5、 I found th

32、e homework was not as heavy as what I used to get in my old school . 我发现这儿的家庭作业没有我原来学校的多 Asas, 中间加形容词或副词, 一般要连接两个相同的句子成分, 比较下面两句话:You hate him as much as I (=You hate him as much as I hate him).You hate him as much as me(=You hate him as much as you hate me).前一个 as 是副词 ,后一个 as 是连词,引导比较状语从句,句中 what 起

33、名词+关系代词的作用,意为 the thing(s) which,本句相当于 the homework which,作 get 的宾语。.划线部分是宾语从句.,做 found 的宾语。Used to 过去常常, 隐含的意思是现在的情况已经不同。例如:She used to study very hard. ( She does not study so hard any more).Used to 的否定形式是 usednt to/ didnt use to疑问形式: used you to like opera?Did you use to like opera?注意:be used to

34、sth/doing 表示习惯于 6、 Upon finishing his studies, he started travelling in China.完成学业之后,他开始在中国旅行。介词 upon/ on 加名词doing 相当于带 as soon as 的时间状语从句。Upon finishing his studyAs soon as he finished his study 表达这种意义的一般有以下几种方式:1)at 等其它介词,at 表示引起某种情绪的原因,eg:At the news,we jumped with joy.2)as soon as 或 once 都是连接从句;

35、3)on 或 opon,与具有动词意义的名词或动名词搭配。eg:On his arrival he went straight to the headmaster.他一到就径直去见校长了。7、The paintings that David donated to the school are being displayed(shown) in the (exhibition room)assembly hall. p9 ) 大卫捐给学校的图画正在(展)会厅展出。are being displayed(shown)是被动语态的进行时,表示正在发生的被动动作eg:The meeting is be

36、ing held in the hall and you can go to attend it. 8、 The more choices you have, the better your final decisions will be.相当于:If you have more choice (条件状语从句为一般现在时), you will make better decision(主句用将来时). 你的选择越多,最后的决定就越好。the + 形容词的 比较级 + , the +形容词的比较级表示“ 越,就越”eg:The more you eat, the fatter you will

37、be 9、Have it approved by your teacher. (p.19) 10Have as many students sign up as possible.(p.19)上述二句中 have 是役使动词,具体用法如下:1have 宾语过去分词这种结构一般有两种意义,一为“致使”,二为被动。前者表示主语的意志致使某事发生或被做到,后者则与主观意志完全无关。1)表示主观的意志(表示主观意志的 have 也可以用 get 代替)I must have this table photocopied我必须(找人)把这个表格复印出来。2)与主观意志完全无关He has his leg

38、 broken in a fall他的腿摔断了。2have 宾语不定式(不带 to)结构中 have 有时也可以用 get 代替,动词不定式需带 to这种结构一般表示“让某人做某事”。例如:I have my children clean the house before you arrive在你们来之前,我让孩子们把屋子打扫干净了。3have 宾语现在分词这种结构有两种意思,一是使某人做某事,二是与否定词连用,表示不许某人做某事。1)have 宾语现在分词(叫某人做某事)Well soon have your car going again我们很快就会让你的汽车重新开动起来2)not hav

39、e 宾语现在分词(不许某人做某事)I wont have you smoking in the sitting room我不许你在起居室里抽烟。四、定语从句归纳整理:一、概念要清楚:定语从句 分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句,是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分(或整个句子如非限制性定语从句) ,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般 紧跟 在它所修饰的先行词后面(非限制性定语从句有时不这样) 。 关系代词 有 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等,绝对没有WHAT; 关系副词 有 where, when, why

40、等。关系代词在从句中作主语,宾语,表语,定语等,关系副词在从句中作地点状语,时间状语,原因状语等。 先行词 :被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。关系代词在定语从句中 作主语时 ,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。二、 非限制性 定语从句要点:11A) 非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般用逗号隔开。不能用 that,不能用 why 但可用 for which 代替;非限制性定语从句中关系代词which/as 可指整个主句的意思或一部分意思。As 引导的定语从句既可以位于句末,也可以位于句首或句中,which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。as 和 which 代表整个主句时,

41、相当于 and this 或 and that。 As 一般放在句首, which 在句中。 典型例题1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he 答案 C。此为非限定性从句,不能用 that 修饰,而用 which.,it 和 he 都使后句成为单独的句子,两个独立的句子不能以逗号连接。况且选 he 句意不通。2)It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the parkA. tha

42、t B. which C. as D. it 答案B。B) as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。 但不同之处主要有两点 : (1) as 引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which 不可。 (2) as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中 作主语时 ,从句中的谓语必须是 系动词 ;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用 which.。 在上框 2)中,prevent 由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为 B。As 的用法:1). the same as;suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have

43、got into the same trouble as he (has).2). as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有正如。 例 1:As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 例 2:As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语;例 2 中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词know 要用被动式。C) 有时同一个限制性从句变为非限制性从句会改变全句的意思1、I have a sister who works in a hospital. 我有一

44、位在医院工作的姐姐。 (不只一位姐姐)2. I have a sister , who works in a hospital.我有一位姐姐,她在医院工作。 (只有一位姐姐)D)注意:当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用 which。Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.12三、 区分定语从句和同位语从句1、定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从

45、句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;同位语从句主要由 that 引导,在句中一般不做成分;也可以由 when, where, how, why, whether, what 等词引导,充当成分:(1) The news he told me is true.定语(2) The news that he has just died is true.同位四、关系词的用法:先行词 关系词 备注人 who 可做宾语,但不能做介词宾 语人 Whom 作宾语常可省略

46、,在口语和非 正式文体中可用 who 代替人或物 That 作宾语时常可省,不能做介 词宾语物 Which 作宾语时可省略人或物 Whose 指物,它还可以同 of which 互换,指人的时候也可以用 of whom 代替时间 When =during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)地点 Where =in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)原因 why =for whichas as 可以做主语,也可以作宾语,作宾语时可以省略,指人或者物。the same as 侧重于相似性the same that 侧重于同一性way that, in whi

47、ch 或省略time 表示“次数”时 用 that, that 可省略time 表示“时间”时 when 或介词加 which13point 和 situation where关系词做介词定语时 指人时只可用 whom 指物时只可用 which不能用 that 任何关系词都不能省略当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的who, whom 代表人 which,whose 代表物非限制定语从句不能用 why 可用 for which 代替.;五、几点注意:注意 A、关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如:The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear注意 B:关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如:look for, look after, take

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