1、第一套试题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)There is growing interest in East Japan Railway Co. ltd., one of the six companies, created out of the privatized national railway system. In an industry lacki
2、ng exciting growth_1_, its plan to use real-estate assets in and around train stations_2_is drawing interest.In a plan called “Station Renaissance” that it_3_in November, JR East said that it would_4_using its commercial spaces for shops and restaurants, extending them to_5_more suitable for the inf
3、ormation age. It wants train stations as pick-up_6_for such goods as books, flowers and groceries_7_over the Internet. In a country where city_8_depend heavily on trains_9_commuting, about 16 million people a day go to its train stations anyway, the company _10_. So, picking up commodities at train
4、stations_11_consumers extra travel and missed home deliveries. JR East already has been using its station_12_stores for this purpose, but it plans to create_13_spaces for the delivery of Internet goods.The company also plans to introduce _14_cardsknown in Japan as IC cards because they use integrate
5、d circuit for_15_information_16_ train tickets and commuter passes_17_the magnetic ones used today, integrating them into a/an _18_pass. This will save the company money, because_19_for IC cards are much less expensive than magnetic systems. Increased use of IC cards should also_20_the space needed
6、for ticket vending.1.Aperspectives B outlooks C prospects Dspectacles2.Acreatively B originally C authentically Dinitially3.Adisplayed B demonstrated C embarked Dunveiled4.Ago beyond B set out C come around Dspread over5.Aapplications B enterprises C functions Dperformances6.Adistricts B vicinities
7、C resorts Dlocations7.Aacquired B purchased C presided Dattained8.Alodgers B tenants C dwellers Dboarders9.Afor B in C of Das10.Afigures B exhibits C convinces Dspeculates11.Adeprives B retrieves C spares Dexempts12.Aconjunction B convenience C department Dornament13.Adelegated B designated C devote
8、d Ddedicated14.Aclever B smart C ingenious Dintelligent15.Achecking B gathering C holding Daccommodating16.Aas B for C with Dof17.Abut for B as well as C instead of Dmore than18.Aunique B single C unitary Donly19.Adevices B instruments C readers Dexaminers20.Areduce B narrow C dwarf DshrinkSection R
9、eading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1“Ive never met a human worth cloning,” says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at T
10、exas A promoting admissions decisions that look at more than test scores; and encouraging universities to step up their minority outreach and financial aid. And to counter accusations by critics to challenge these tactics in court, the group says it will give legal assistance to colleges sued for tr
11、ying them. “Diversity diminished by the court must be made up for in other legitimate, legal ways,” says, a forum member.One of the more controversial methods advocated is the so-called 10% rule. The idea is for public universitieswhich educate three-quarters of all U.S. undergraduatesto admit stude
12、nts who are in the top 10% of their high school graduating class. Doing so allows colleges to take minorities who excel in average urban schools, even if they wouldnt have made the cut under the current statewide ranking many universities use.1. U.S. court restrictions on affirmative action signifie
13、s that_.Aminorities no longer hold the once favored statusBthe quality of American colleges has improvedCracial preferences has replaced racial prejudiceDthe minority is on an equal footing with the majority2. What has been a divisive issue across the United States?AWhether affirmative action should
14、 continue to exist.BWhether this law is helping minorities or the white majority.CWhether racism exists in American college admission.DWhether racial intolerance should be punished. 3. CEOs of big companies decided to help colleges enroll more minority students because they_.Athink it wrong to depri
15、ve the minorities of their rights to receive educationBwant to conserve the fine characteristics of American nationCwant a workforce that reflects the diversity of their customersDthink it their duty to help develop education of the country4. The major tactic the forum uses is to_.Abattle the racial
16、 preferences in courtBsupport colleges involved in lawsuits of racismCstrive to settle this political debate nationwideDfind legally viable ways to ensure minority admissions5. If the 10% rule is applied, _.Athe best white high school students can get into collegesBpublic universities can get excell
17、ent studentsCstudents from poor rural families can go to collegesDgood minority students can get into public universities答案1. A 2.B 3.C 4.D 5.D总体分析本文介绍了美国法院对平等权利法案实施的限制以及社会相关方面应对这种情况所作出的努力。第一段:介绍了美国法院对大学中平等权利法案实施的限制及其带来的不利影响。第二段:指出多家公司与大学组成了反对这种限制的论坛及其原因。第三段:介绍论坛推行的具体策略。第四段:介绍论坛主张在公立大学中实施的 10%规则的内容及
18、其意义。试题精解1.美国法院对平等权利法案的限制意味着_。A少数民族不再拥有受优待的地位B美国大学的质量有所提高C种族照顾取代了种族歧视D少数民族与多数民族是平等的精解 本题考查推理引申。第一段首句提到美国法院对平等权利法案的限制。第二句指出其理论依据是种族照顾政策是违反宪法的。第三句指出这种做法意味着对学生的录取不再考虑其种族或民族背景。由此可推知, A是该做法的潜在含义。 B 文中未提, C 明显错误,因为该举动恰恰是反对种族照顾政策。 D 表面上看似乎有点道理,但根据第一段的论述可知, “平等”并不是本文主要涉及的内容。2. 在整个美国范围内引起争议的事情是什么?A平等权利法案是否应该继
19、续存在。B这项法律是在帮助少数民族还是白人多数民族。C美国大学招生中是否存在种族歧视。D种族不容忍行为是否应该受到惩罚。精解 本题考查句意理解。第一段第四句提到, “这在整个美国范围内引起了争议 ”,注意句中 it 指的是上文提到的“限制平等权利法案的做法” 。该句中 as 引导的原因状语从句解释了引起争议的原因,即,教育者们认为它造成了少数民族录取率的降低。因此引起争议的是限制平等权利法案的影响,排除A 。 B虽然与文中论述不完全一样,但它其实就等于说“这种做法到底是有利于哪一方” ,因此是正确项。第一段主要论述的是“种族照顾政策” ,不是“种族歧视”或“不容忍行为” ,排除C和D 。3.
20、大公司的执行总裁们决定帮助大学招收更多的少数民族学生,是因为他们_。A认为剥夺少数民族接受教育的权利是错误的B想要保存美国民族的优良品质C想要其劳动群体能够反映客户的多元化D认为帮助发展国家的教育是他们的职责精解 本题考查推理引申。根据题干定位到第二段。该段最后一句通过引用一位电视公司总裁的话解释了原因:我们的观众越来越多元化,所以如果员工来自不同的种族和民族,那么我们服务的机构将会受益。由此可推知,C 为正确项。其他项均未提及。4. 论坛使用的主要策略是_。A与法庭上的种族照顾政策作斗争B支持牵涉到种族歧视诉讼的大学C努力解决这场全国性的政治争论D找到合法的途径来保证少数民族学生的录取精解
21、本题考查事实细节。论坛推行的策略在第三段第一句提到。其中第一种是找到通过新的录取政策增加少数民族录取人数的有创意且合法的办法。 D符合这种策略,为正确项。 A 与论坛的宗旨相悖,因为论坛是要维护平等权利法案和少数民族利益的。 B错在 racism,第三段后半部分提到,论坛将援助那些由于尝试他们提出的策略而被起诉的大学。第二段首句只提到,一些公司总裁决定带头加入这场政治上很争议的辩论之中。因此, C“解决争论”无从推知。5. 如果实施 10%规则,那么 _。A最好的白人高中生能上大学B公立大学就能招到优秀的学生。C来自贫困农村家庭的学生就能上大学D优秀的少数民族学生就能进入公立大学精解 本题考查
22、事实细节。根据题干关键词 the 10% rule 定位到第四段。该段提到,该规则将使公立大学录取在高中毕业班排名前 10%的学生。这种方法也使公立大学能招收到一般城市学校中名列前茅的少数民族学生。因此D正确。 A和B 本身表述并没有错,但都是泛泛而谈,没有具体提到“公立大学”或“少数民族学生” 。C 在文中根本没有涉及。核心词汇或超纲词汇(1)rationale (n.)基本原理,根本原因,如 I do not understand the behind the decision to sell the warehouse.(我不明白在出售仓库的决定后面有什么原由。 ) (2)divisiv
23、e(a. )区分的,分裂的,有分歧的; divide(v.)(3)set forth 公布,宣布,提出(4)plunge in/into sth.(用力地)投入,跳进;热情投入,贸然行动(5)statewide(a.)全州范围的 全文翻译二十多年来,美国法院一直在限制大学及其他领域里平等权利法案(又称:肯定性行动法案)的实施。其法律依据是,种族照顾政策,甚至是那些打算对种族歧视或不容忍行为进行补偿的政策都是违反宪法的。对于很多大学来说,这意味着对学生只能被择优录取,而不考虑他们的种族或民族背景。这是在整个美国范围内引起争议的事情,因为教育者们指责说,对平等权利法案的这种长期的反对态度造成了少数
24、民族录取率的下降。与此同时,一些积极分子在密西根州到北卡罗来那州的各个法庭上继续竭力反对种族照顾政策。如今,约 24 家公司的行政总裁已经决定带头加入这场政治上很具争议的辩论之中。他们和 36 所大学以及 7 家非赢利机构一起组成了一个论坛,该论坛宣布了一项主要为帮助大学逃避法庭对平等权利法案强加的限制的行动计划。这些总裁的理由正如一位拥有九家电视台的公司总裁所说:“我们的观众越来越多元化,所以如果我们的员工来自不同的种族和民族,那么我们服务的机构将会受益。 ”论坛推行的步骤如下:找到通过新的录取政策增加少数民族录取人数的有创意且合法的办法;提倡不仅仅取决于考试分数的录取原则;鼓励大学推进少数
25、民族扩招政策及经济援助政策。为了反击评论家们在法庭上质疑这些策略的非难,这个组织声称它将给予那些由于尝试这些策略而被起诉的大学以法律援助。一位论坛成员说, “由于法庭造成的多样性的减少必须通过其他正当合法的手段予以补偿。 ”他们所主张的一项更具争议性的办法是所谓的 10%规则。这项办法将用在培养了美国四分之三的大学毕业生的公立大学中,这些大学将录取在高中毕业班排名前 10%的学生。即使在现行的全州范围的排名制度下,很多大学并不会减少招收的人数,但这种方法可以使大学招收到一般城市学校中名列前茅的少数民族学生。Text 3Positive surprises from government rep
26、orts on retail sales, industrial production, and housing in the past few months are leading economists to revise their real gross domestic product (GDP) forecasts upward supporting the notion that the recession ended in December or January.Bear in mind: This recovery wont have the vitality normally
27、associated with an upturn. Economists now expect real GDP growth of about 1.5 in the first quarter. Thats better than the 0.4 the consensus projected in December, but much of the additional growth will come from a slower pace of inventory drawdowns, not from surging demand.Moreover, the economy wont
28、 grow fast enough to help the labor markets much. The only good news there is that jobless claims have fallen back from their spike after September 11 and that their current level suggests the pace of layoffs is easing. The recovery also does not mean the Federal Reserve will raise interest rates so
29、on. The January price indexes show that inflation remains tame. Consequently, the Fed can take its time shifting monetary policy from extreme accommodation to relative neutrality.Perhaps the best news from the latest economic reports was the January data on industrial production. Total output fell o
30、nly 0.1, its best showing since July. Factory output was flat, also the best performance in six months. Those numbers may not sound encouraging, but manufacturers have been in recession since late 2000. The data suggest that the factory sector is finding a bottom from which to start its recovery.Pro
31、duction of consumer goods, for instance, is almost back up to where it was a year ago. Thats because consumer demand for motor vehicles and other goods and the housing industry remained healthy during the recession, and they are still growing in early 2002.Besides, both the monthly homebuilding star
32、ts number and the housing market index for the past two months are running above the averages for all of 2001, suggesting that home-building is off to a good start and probably wont be big drag on GDP growth this year.Equally important to the outlook is how the solid housing market will help demand
33、for home-related goods and services. Traditionally, consumers buy the bulk of their furniture, electronics, and textiles within a year of purchasing their homes. Thus, spending on such items will do well this year, even as car sales slip now that incentives are less attractive. Look for the output o
34、f consumer goods to top year-ago level in coming months. Even the business equipment sector seems to have bottomed out. Its output rose 0.4% in January, led by a 0.6% jump computer gear. A pickup in orders for capital goods in the fourth quarter suggests that production will keep increasingalthough
35、at a relaxed pacein coming months.1. American economists are surprised to see that_.Athey have to revise the GDP forecasts so oftenBtheir government is announcing the end of a recessionCUS economy is showing some signs of an upturnDGDP growth reflects stronger domestic demand2. The most encouraging
36、fact about the US economy is that_ .Aemployment rates have risen faster than expectedBthe Federal Reserve will raise interest rates soonCindustrial production is reaching its lowest pointDsome economic sectors have become leading industries3. Of which of the following did the author provide a guarde
37、dly optimistic view?AGDP growth. BThe number of layoffs.CPrice indexes. D Output of consumer goods.4. Which of the following is the guarantee of a better future for US economy?AMotor vehicles. BHousing market.CBusiness equipment. D Computer gear.5. Which of the following best summarizes the U. S. ec
38、onomic situation today?AAmerican economists are painting a gloomy picture.BIt is slowly warming up with moderate growth.CRecession may come back anytime in the coming months.DMost sectors are picking up at a surprisingly fast pace.答案1.C 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.B总体分析本文是一篇介绍美国经济复苏的文章。全文以经济学家将对国民生产总值的预测上调为引子,对美国
39、经济形势进行了分析。第一段:指出政府报告带来的意外惊喜使经济学家对国民生产总值的预测上调。第二段至第四段:作者通过对 GDP 的增长原因、经济对劳动市场的影响、美联储提高利率的措施进行分析,指出目前经济形势不容过分乐观,因为它并没有飞速发展。第五段至第九段:作者通过介绍各个部门生产的发展,指出经济已经在缓慢复苏。试题精解1.美国经济学家很惊讶地发现_。A他们不得不频繁地修改生产预测B政府在宣告经济衰退期的结束C美国经济显示出好转的迹象D国民生产总值的增长反应了国内需求的增强精解 这是一道涉及对第一、二段理解的事实细节题。第一段是一句话段落,其主干结构是 positive surprisesle
40、ad economists to supporting the notion that。该段提到政府报告带来的意外惊喜使经济学家将对国民生产总值的预测上调,从而支持了经济衰退期已在 12 月或 1 月终止的观点。由一段中的“意外惊喜”和“经济学家上调国民生产总值预测的举措”可知让他们吃惊的是经济状况好转的迹象,即C项为正确答案。第一、二段只提到经济学家对 GDP 预期的一次调整,无法推出他们频繁地修改。排除A项。由第一段可知,政府只报导了各个领域经济发展的好势头,而未宣布经济衰退期的终止。排除B项。第二段末句 but 转折后提到,但是(GDP )增长部分主要是因为存货提用的速度减缓,而不是需求
41、的增长(surging demand) ,由此排除D 项。2.美国经济方面最激励人心的事实是_。A就业率的上升已经比预期的要快B美联储很快将提高利率C工业生产正在达到最低点D一些经济部门已经成为主导产业精解 本题考查了多处事实细节。第三段第二句提到,惟一的好消息是申请失业保险金人数在 911 事件后达到的高峰期开始回落,现在的水平表明失业的速度(the pace of layoffs)有所缓和(easing) 。该句表明失业者还在增加,只是增加的速度低于先前。因此, A 项与文意相反。 B项与第四段首句“经济复苏并不意味着美联储将很快提高利率”含义相反。第五段首句是段落主题句:最近的经济报道中
42、最好的消息来自 1 月份工业生产的数据。末句对主题予以说明:数据表明工业生产部门的产量正在达到底线,复苏即将开始。 C项是对该句的改写,是正确选项。文中虽然提到很多经济部门,但没有比较谁是主导产业,排除D项。3.作者对什么方面持有相对保守的乐观态度?A国民生产总值的增长。 B失业人数。C价格指数。 D 消费品的产量。精解 本题实际考查了多处事实细节。第二段提到,GDP 虽然有所增长,但其增长大多因为存货提用的速度减缓,而不是需求的增长。而且该段首句也提到:这次经济复苏不具有通常经济好转所具有的活力。因此作者对 GDP的增长是持保守态度的。B项在第三段提到,即申请失业保险金人数的下降表明失业的速
43、度有所缓和。 C 项在第四段第二句中出现,即 1 月的价格指数表明通货膨胀仍然很缓和(remained tame) 。 D项在第六段至第九段都有所涉及。因此作者对这三个方面抱有的是很明确的乐观态度。4.下面哪一个是美国经济更好未来的保障?A汽车 B房产市场 C办公设备 D电脑设备精解 本题考查了第六段至第九段的事实细节。这四个段落提到了备选项中四个经济生产部门。第六段提到,消费品的生产几乎回到了一年前的水平,因为对汽车及其他物品的消费需求以及房屋产业在经济衰退期间都保持了健康发展。第七段提到,过去两个月的月住宅建筑和房产市场相关数据都在整个 2001 年的平均数以上。这表明住宅建筑有了好的开始
44、,可能不会成为今年 GDP 增长的累赘。第八段提到,稳固的房产市场可以刺激对房屋相关物品和服务的需求,如家具、电子产品和纺织品。期望消费商品的产量在未来的月份里超越年前的水平。第九段提到,甚至办公设备部门的生产似乎都要降至最低点。它的产量因电脑设备 0.6%的涨幅在 1 月上升了 0.4%。概括而言,汽车是消费者需求的对象,办公设备和电脑设备的产量只是小幅度的增长,只有房产市场不仅呈现良好发展势头,而且还带动其他生产领域的发展。因此B 项正确。5.下面哪一个最好的概括了美国当前的经济形势?A美国经济学家正在描绘一幅令人沮丧的景象。B经济在温和的增长中热身。C衰退可能在未来几个月中的任何时候重现
45、。D大部分部门都在以惊人的速度加快发展。精解 这是一道涉及对全文主旨理解的考题。综合全文,作者对美国经济进行了客观、全面的分析。从第二至四段的内容可知,作者对 GDP 的增长原因、经济对劳动市场的影响、美联储提高利率的措施都持有谨慎的乐观态度。但是作者也指出失业的速度有所缓和(三段末) ,美联储的货币政策相对中性化(四段末) ,工业生产部门的产量正在达到底线,复苏即将开始(第五段) ,办公设备部门将以比较缓和的速度继续增长(第九段末) 。因此B项恰当地概括了美国的经济形势。文章开篇就提到,政府报告带来的意外惊喜使经济学家对国民生产总值的预测上调。排除A项。首段提到,有观点认为经济衰退期已在 1
46、2 月或 1 月终止。但下文只描述了经济的复苏趋势,因此C项不符合。 D项错在surprisingly fast pace,文中大量出现表示 “适中、温和” 含义的关键词,如 tame,neutrality ,relaxed pace 等,表明经济的发展速度是缓慢的。核心词汇或超纲词汇(1)recession(n. )撤回,退回;不景气,工商业衰退期(2)upturn(n.)好转;副词+ 动词 =复合名词,如:output 结果 overthrow 推翻 upkeep 保养(3)consensus(n.)一致同意;舆论(4)inventory(n.)存货;详细目录(5)drawdown(n.)
47、水位降低;耗尽;动词 +副词=复合名词,如:lookout 留心 layoff 临时解雇(6)spike(n.)长钉;曲线的尖头部分,峰值(v.)用大钉钉;阻止,挫败(7)The bulk of 大部分,大半(8)incentive(n.)刺激,鼓励;动机(a.)起刺激或鼓励作用的;incent(v.)刺激;激励全文翻译过去几个月里政府有关零售、工业生产和和房产的报告带来的意外惊喜使经济学家对国民生产总值(GDP)的预测上调,从而支持了经济衰退期已在 12 月或 1 月终止的观点。记住:这次经济复苏不具有通常经济好转所具有的活力。经济学家现在预计第一季度里真正的 GDP 增长率约为1.5%。这
48、比 11 月一致估计的 0.4%要好,但是 GDP 增长大多是因为存货提用的速度减缓,而不是需求的增长。而且,经济的增长没有快到可以很大程度上改善劳动力市场。惟一的好消息是申请失业保险金人数在 9.11 事件后达到的高峰期开始回落,现在的水平表明失业的速度有所缓和。经济复苏并不意味着美联储将很快提高利率。1 月的价格指数表明通货膨胀仍然很缓和。这样,美联储可以从容不迫地将货币政策从极度宽松转向相对中性化。最近的经济报道中最好的消息也许来自 1 月份工业生产的数据。整个的生产量只下降了 0.1%,是自 7 月以来最好的表现。工厂生产量平稳,也是六个月中最好的表现。这些数据也许听起来并不让人兴奋,但生产业自 2000 年后期一直处于衰退之中。这些