1、unless 的用法unless 是从属连词,引导条件状语从句,含有否定意义,相当于 if 条件状语从句的否定形式。所以 unless = if not。注意:unless 引导的条件状语从句和 if 条件状语从句,与其它时间状语从句一样,用一般现在时代替将来时。Unless: conj. 除非, 如果不Unless you take more care, youll have an accident.如果不多加小心的话,你会出事故的。My baby sister never cries unless she is hungry.我那刚出生的妹妹除非饿了,否则她是从来不哭的。Dont prom
2、ise anything unless youre 100 per cent sure.不要作任何的许诺, 除非你有百分百的把握。Unless bad weather stops me, I run every day.除非坏天气作梗,每天我都跑步。木头容易燃烧,除非是水湿了。Well be late unless we speed up.我们要不加快些,就会迟到了。Youll fail in English unless you work hard.除非你努力学习,否则你英语将不及格。Youll miss the bus unless you walk more quickly.除非你走快一
3、点,否则将赶不上公共汽车。You wont hear anything unless you roll the tape ahead.除非你把录音带往前转,否则你是不会听到任何东西的You will never pass the exam unless you study harder.除非你加紧学习,否则考试永远过不了关。更详细的如下一、unless 的基本用法连词 unless 意为“ 除非 如果不” ,“除了”,多引导一个否定意义的真实条件句,有时也可引导非真实条件旬。unless 引导条件句时,主要用于下列情况。(1)主句为肯定句。如:Unless I visit every book
4、store in townI shall not know whether I can get what l want如果我不到城里每一家书店去看看,我就不知道是否能买到我想要的书。You will miss the bus unless you hurry up你要不快点就会错过班车。Youll fail in chemistry again unless you work harder如果你不再加把劲,你化学考试还会不及格。(2)主句为否定句。如:Unless you oil the motor regularlyit wont run smoothly要不是你经常给发动机上油。它就不会转
5、得那么顺畅。I wouldnt be saying this unless I were sure of the facts要是我对这些事情没有把握,我就不说这话了。You will never get anywhere unless you have set your goal如果你不设定目标,你哪儿也去不了。二、应注意的一些问题1unless 不能与 if“not 换用的情况unless 在意义上相当于 if.not,因此在有些场合中 unless 与 if.not 可互换使用。如: Unless I am mistakenIve seen that man before=lf I am
6、not mistaken。Ive seen that man before如果我没搞错,我以前见过那个人。Unless the strike has been called off,there will be no trains tomorrow=lf the strike has not been called off。there will be no trains tomorrow除非罢工结束了,明天才会有火车。但在有些情况下,二者不可互换使用。如:(1)当 unless 引导非真实条件句时,一般不可改用 if.not。如:They couldnt afford to live in su
7、ch an expensive apartment unless they were rich除非他们很富有,否则就住不起这么昂贵的公寓。They couldnt have arrived at the site instantly unless the police had had a helicopter除非警方有直升机,不然他们就不会即刻赶到事发地点。以上两例中,unless 从句均表示与事实相反的情况。如果把 unless 换成 if.not(if they were not rick,if the police had not had a helicopter)就与原句意义完全相反了
8、。(2)if.not 引导的条件分句可以重叠使用,unless 则不可,因为 unless 表示唯一条件,不能用 and 连接两个 unless 引导的从句。如: She wont lose weight if she does not keep a diet and if she does not take exercise every day=She wont lose weight unless she keeps a diet and takes exercise every day除非她坚持节食、每天锻炼,否则是不能减肥的。(3)unless 引导的条件句可用否定结构,而 if.no
9、t 引导的条件句不可再加以否定,因为两个 not 不能重叠使用,因此在 unless 引导的否定条件旬中,不能用 if.not 替代 unless。如: Dont ask me to explain unless you really dont understand除非你真不懂,不然别让我解释。The directors have a meeting every Fridayunless there is nothing to discuss董事会每周五开会,无事讨论除外。You will get a good grade in the course unless you dont do yo
10、ur homework如果你(不是不) 做作业的话,你就会有好的学业成绩。(4)当 if 引导名词性从句时,unless 不可以代替 if.not,因为 if=whether(“是否”)。如:It is unimportant if he will not attend the graduation ceremony他是否参加毕业典礼无关紧要。I doubts if he has not made a contribution to the environment我怀疑他是不是没有为环保做过贡献。(5)当 unless 作介词(“除以外”,“除非”)时, if.not 不能与其互换使用。如:N
11、othing will come out of itunless(=except)disaster这件事除了引起灾祸之外,不会有什么结果。Nothingunless a miracle,can save him除非出现奇迹,否则他无法得救。2unless 从句中成分的省略unless 从句的主语与主句的主语相同时,unless 从句中的主语和谓语(或一部分)有时可省略。如:Unless(he is)in uniform。he doesnt look like a policeman如果不穿上制服,他看起来就不像警察。Unless(I am)compelled t0 stay in by bad
12、 weather,I go for a walk every day若非天气不好被迫呆在家里,我每天都出去散步。Dont leave the building unless(you are)instructed to do so没有得到通知,不要离开大楼。The virus is capable of destroying an information stored in a computer unless(it is)detected and eradicated病毒如不查出并清楚掉,会把存储在计算机里的资料全部毁掉。3unless 从句的时态主句是一般将来时态、祈使句或谓语中含有情态动词或
13、主句是一般现在时,unless 引导的真实条件句用一般现在时;如果强调从句动作发生在主句动作之前,从旬可用现在完成时。Dont touch the instruments unless the teacher allows you没有老师的允许,不要乱动仪器。Unless you know a word,you may consult a dictionary如果你不认识哪个词,你可以查词典。但主句是过去将来时或过去时,unless 引导的真实条件句常用一般过去时。如:The disease prevented him from remembering things unless he was
14、 reminded by another这种病使他记不住事,只能靠别人提醒。4“祈使句(肯定式)+orotherwise+陈述句”与“unless 条件句+主句”间的转换“祈使旬 (肯定式)+or(else)otherwise+陈述句”与“unless 条件句+主句”间有时可以相互转换。如:Put on your raincoat or youll get soaked=Unless you put On your raincoat,youll get soakedIf you dont put on your raincoat,youll get soaked把雨衣穿上,否则你就会全身湿透的
15、。Store the meat in the fridge,otherwise it will go the fridge,otherwise it will go offIf you dont store the meat in the fridge,it will go off把肉放在冰箱里,不然就会坏掉。5在 unles 引导的肯定形式的条件句中。通常用肯定词(some,already, still,too,as well等);在 if.not 引导的条件句中通常用非肯定词(anyyet evereitherat all 等)You ll never really know what h
16、appiness is unless you have something to compare it to只有通过对比,才能了解幸福的含义。1 will inform her if you havent spoken to her yet如果你还没跟她说,我通知她。不过在 ifnot 引导的非真实条件句中,仍能用肯定词,因为这种条件句形式上是否定,意义上却是肯定。如:If he hadnt already prepared his lesson,he wouldnt be allowed to go要是他没有做完功课,是不会允许出去的。(实际已做完功课)6unless 可用来引导出补充前言的
17、句子unless 引导出补充前言的句子,即对刚说过的话又突然想到要补充的内容。如:He hasnt got any hobbies unless you call writing a hobby他没有任何嗜好除非把写作也算作嗜好。Lets play chess unless you really have something urgent to do下盘棋吧除非你真有急事要办。though,although这两个词都可以用作连词,意为“虽然”,引导一个让步状语从句。二者区别有以下几点: (1)although 是较正式用语,语气较强, though 是日常用语,比 although 通俗,较常
18、用。 (2)though 引导让步状语从句可用在倒置的句子里,although 不可。 Child though he is , he knows a lot. 虽然他是个孩子,但却知道很多。 (3)though 可与 even 和 as 连用,构成习语 even though (即使)引导让步状语从句和 as though (仿佛)引导表语从句,although 则不可。 Even though I fail, Ill keep on trying . 我纵然失败,仍会继续尝试下去。 (4)though 可作副词,放在句末或插入句中。 It was hard work; I enjoyed it though. 虽苦,我却干得很快活。