1、1第二讲 2017 初升高英语构词法汇总及练习一. 概念英语的构词法主要有: 转化法,合成法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法 。二.相关知识点精讲1.转化法英语中,有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。1)动词转化为名词很多动词可以转化为名词,大多意思没有多大的变化(如下) ;有时意思有一定变化(如下) ;有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作(如下)。例如: Lets go out for a walk. _He is a man of strong build。_2)名词转化为动词很多表示物件(如下)、身体部位(
2、如下) 、某类人( 如下)的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,某些抽象名词(如下 ) 也可作动词。例如: Did you book a seat on the plane? _? Please hand me the book。_。 She nursed her husband back to health。_ 。We lunched together。_。3)形容词转化为动词有少数形容词可以转化为动词。例如:We will try our best to better our life。_。4)副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词。例如:Murder will out。(谚语)恶事终必将败露。5
3、)形容词转化为名词表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词(如下) ;某些形容词如 old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured 等与 the 连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数( 如下)。例如:People should be dressed in black at the funeral。_。The old in our village are living a happy life。_。2.派生法在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。1)前缀除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而
4、不引起词义的变化。(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有 dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:important 重要的_important appear 出现_appear 消失 2correct 正确的_correct 不正确的 lead 带领_lead 领错 (2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗) , auto- (自动), co- (共同) , en- (使) , inter- (互相), re- (再;又 ), sub- (下面的;次;
5、小) , tele- (强调距离)等。例如:_lone 单独的 _gas 防毒气的 _chart 自动图表cooperate 合作 _joy 使高兴 _net 互联网 _way 地铁 _phone 电话 _use 再用2)后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人) ,-ess (雌性),-ful (一),-ian (精通的人),-ist (专业人员) ,-ment (性质;状态)
6、,-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:differ 不同于differ_区别 write 写write_ 作家Japan 日本Japan_日本人 act 表演act_女演员mouth 口mouth_一口 music 音乐music_音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使化),-ize (使成为)。例如:widewide_加宽 beautybeaut_ 美化 realreal_意识到 organorgan_组织(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的) ,-en (多用于表示材料的名词
7、后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful ,-(ic)al ,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像的) ,-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气 )等。例如:nature 自然natur_ 自然的 reason 道理reason_有道理的gold 金子gold_金的 east 东east_东方的child 孩子 child_孩子气的 snow 雪snow_雪的(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:angry 生气的angr_生气地 to 到to_朝
8、,向(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen ( 十几),-ty (几十) ,-th (构成序数词 )。例如:six 六six_十六six_第十六 four 四f_ 四十f_第四十3.合成法1)合成名词构成方式例词名词名词 _周末 名词动词 daybreak 黎明名词动名词 hand_ 书法 名词及物动词er/or pain-killer_名词介词名词 editor-in-chief 总编辑 代词名词 she-wolf_动词名词 typewriter 打字机 动名词名词 reading-room_现在分词名词 flying-fish 飞鱼 形容词名词 gentleman_副词动词 outbreak 爆
9、发 介词名词 _下午2)合成形容词3名词形容词 snow-white_ 名词现在分词 _讲英语的名词to名词 face-to-face_ 名词过去分词 man-made_数词名词 one-way 单行的 数词名词形容词 _两岁的数词名词ed five-storeyed_ 动词副词 see-through 透明的形容词名词 high-class_ 形容词名词ed noble-minded 高尚的形容词形容词 light-blue 浅蓝色的 形容词现在分词_(相貌)好看的副词形容词 ever-green 常青的 副词现在分词 _勤劳的副词过去分词 well-known 著名的 副词名词 fast-
10、food 专门提供快餐服务的介词名词 downhill 下坡的3)合成动词名词动词 sleep-walk_ 形容词动词 white-wash 粉刷副词动词 overthrow 推翻4)合成副词形容词名词 hotfoot 匆忙地 形容词副词 _到处副词副词 _尽管如此 介词名词 beforehand 事先介词副词 _永远5)合成代词代词宾格self herself 她自己 物主代词self myself 我自己形容词名词 anything 任何东西6)合成介词副词名词 _在里面 介词副词 within 在之内副词介词 into 进入4.截短法(缩略法)截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主
11、要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。1)截头telephone_ aeroplane_ omnibus_2)去尾mathematics _ examination_kilogram_ laboratory_ taxicab_3)截头去尾influenzaflu _ refrigeratorfridge _ 5.混合法(混成法)混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词。后半部分表示主体;前半部分表示属性。news broadcastnewscast 新闻广播 television broadcasttelecast 电视播送smoke and fog_烟雾 helicopter airpo
12、rtheliport 直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词。读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。_VIP (读字母音 )要人;大人物Testing of English as a Foreign Language_托福4练 习A: 名词后加 “y”变成形容词并写出中文意思。sun-_( ) wind -_( ) cloud -_( ) rain -_( ) snow -_( ) fun-_( ) health -_( ) noise -_( ) salt-_( ) tourist -_( ) fur -_( )luck -_( )slee
13、p -_( ) sand -_( ) B: 名词后加 “-full” “-less”变成形容词并写出中文意思。care -_( )_( ) use-_( )_( ) colour-_( ) _( ) help-_( ) _( )hope -_( )_( )harm -_( ) _( )success-_( )wonder-_( ) peace-_( )play-_( )sleep -_( ) home-_( )C: 名词后加 “-ern”变成形容词并写出中文意思。east-_( )west -_( )south-_( )north-_( )D: 名词后加 “-al”变成形容词并写出中文意思。p
14、erson-_( )education-_( )tradition-_( ) medicine-_( )music -_( )E: 名词后加 “-ed”变成形容词并写出中文意思。talent-_( ) balance-_( ) F:名词后加 “-ly”变成形容词并写出中文意思。friend-_( ) love-_( ) G: 名词后加 “-ous”变成形容词并写出中文意思。danger-_( ) mystery-_( ) H: 名词后加 “-en”变成形容词wool-_( ) wood-_( ) I: 名词转化为形容词的不规则变化并写出中文意思。energy-_( ) athlete-_( )
15、 hunger-_( ) pride-_( ) death-_( ) science-_( ) knowledge-_( ) anger-_( )Africa-_( ) America-_( ) Asia-_( ) Australia-_( )5Brazil-_( ) Canada-_( ) China-_( ) England-_( )France-_( ) India-_( ) Italy-_( ) Japan-_( )Russia-_( ) Swede-_( ) 动词变名词work-_(工作者) sing-_(歌手) teach-_(教师) drive-_(司机) write-_(作家)
16、 dance-_(舞蹈家)win-_(获胜者) run-_(赛跑者) swim-_(游泳者)act-_(演员) collect-_(收藏家) direct-_(主管)visit-_(参观者) invent-_(发明家) translate-_(翻译家)educate-_(教育) describe-_(描述) predit-_(预言)collect-_(收藏) invent-_(发明) build-_(建筑物)mean-_(意思) meet-_(会议) cross-_(路口)turn-_(转弯处) decide-_( 决定) die-_(死亡)fly-_(飞行) know-_(知识) pleas
17、e-_(高兴)pronounce-_(发音) mix-_(混合物)please-_(令人高兴的 )-_(感到高兴的 ) surprise-_(令人惊讶的的) -_(感到惊讶的)excite-_(令人兴奋的) -_(感到兴奋的) interest-_(令人感兴趣的)-_( 感兴趣的)worry-_(令人担忧的) -_(感到担忧的 )amaze, annoy, bore, disappoint, embarrass, frustrate, relax, terrify, thrill, tire 等形容词的变化。A: 形容词变副词并写出中文意思。quick-_( ) strong-_( ) hea
18、vy-_( ) angry-_( ) happy-_( ) lucky-_( ) healthy-_( ) noisy-_( ) usual-_( ) careful-_( ) real-_( ) successful-_( ) terrible-_( ) possible-_( ) B: 形容词变名词并写出中文意思。kind-_( ) happy-_( )ill-_( ) safe-_( )confident-_( ) important-_( )different-_( ) true-_( )high-_( )一选择题(共 5 小题)1The population of Liupanshu
19、i is over 3million ( )Aless than Balmost Cnearly Dmore than2Im a little _ now6Oh,its lunch timeLets go to the nearest restaurant to get something to eat ( )Athirsty Bworried Chungry Dbored3Why does Mary want to go to the concert?Because she is a big fan of TF BOYSShe is dying to go to this concert (
20、 )Aplans to Breally wants toCremembers to4I dont want to go shopping,because its too crowded in the shopping center ( )Athere are too many peopleBthe service is badCits too noisyDthere are some other stores5Books are the apple of her eyesShe reads them every day ( )Aher favorite Bher fruit Cher pity
21、 Dher hope二填空题(共 24 小题)6Larry has put on too much weight because of his diet (healthy )7It is important for us to protect nature (wise) 8Its (terrible) cold todayYou should put on more clothes9Paper cutting is a Chinese skill with a history of thousands of years (tradition)10Tuition,rooms,books and
22、care are all free in public schools in Canada (medicine)11People around are happy to make friends with Mike because of his (honest)12When its raining outside,the streets usually become much busier (heavy)13The great held a big painting exhibition in Shanghai last August (art)14He is a very shy boy a
23、nd it is for him to be so active in class today (usual)15Sandy enjoys reading books and she believes it can her whole life ( rich)16If you are so ,why dont you change schools?(happy )17Have you ever heard of the new rules about school bus (safe )?18Father warns me that people always find excuses for
24、 their mistakes (honest)19He was quite in how to draw funny cartoon faces (interest)20My sister is on the left and Im the one on the right (ten)21Look!The in front of all other actresses is my sister (dance)22Because of the heavy traffic jam,I missed the of the exciting 7film (begin )23When did he f
25、inish (write ) his report?Last night24It is (polite) to push in before others while you are waiting for a bus25I live near Zhenjiang Railway Station and I feel very _(noise) every day26His effort made the two companies reach an (agree) in the end27You need to press the button to turn off the radio (five )28Mandelas death is not only a great (lose) for the South Africa,but also for other parts of the world29Nobody believes what he said because he is a (honest) boy!