1、Review: True or False,English is more closely related to German than French. In early Middle English period, English, Latin, and Celtic existed side by side. Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian (Danish). Old English had a
2、 huge vocabulary of over 1,000,000 words. Chinese is considered to be highly inflectional.,T,F (French, not Celtic),T,F 40,00060,000,F,Review: Diagram of morphemes,Morphemes,Free,Bound,Bound root,Affixes,Inflectional,Derivational,Prefix,Suffix,Decentralization Meaningfulness Specialize Individualist
3、ic Half-hearted Downfall,Review: check the terms according to the definitions,A minimal meaningful unit of a language morpheme A morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme bound morpheme A morpheme that can stand alone free morpheme A morpheme attached to a root or a word affix,An affix t
4、hat indicates grammatical relationships Inflectional affix An affix that forms new words with a root or a word Derivational affix What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes root,Review: check the bound root shared by all the words and guess the meanings of the roots,1) breve, breviary,
5、breirostrate, brevity, abbreviate, abridge2) audible, audience, audiometer, audiophile, audition, auditorium,Allomorph,An allomorph(词素变体) is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. The morpheme of plurality -s: /s/ after the sounds /t, p, k/; /z/ after
6、/d, b, g, l/; /iz/ after /s, z, /go: went, gone,Prefix: in-,perfect considerate balance mature responsible legible,imperfect inconsiderate imbalance immature irresponsible illegible,English Lexicology,Part II：Morphology (Word Formation)By Psyche,Compounding复合法: 27% Derivation/Affixation派生法: 17.5% Co
7、nversion转换法: 10.5% Shortening (Clippings, Initials, Acronyms)首字母缩略词: 9% Blending: 混成法/拼缀法 6% back-formation 逆生法 1%,Major ways of word formation,Compounding P38,Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, that is, a compound. woma
8、n, Sunday, Monday, daisy, garlicSilkworm, honeymoon (solid) Honey-bee, town-planning (hyphenated) Tear gas (open),How to identify a compound,compound phrase greenhouse green house greenroom green room greenback green back,semantic unity,Red meat Mother wit Dog days Indian paper,How to identify a com
9、pound,grammatical unity,bad mouth He bad mouthed me. New-born , three-year-old,compound phrase Fine art finer art Red tape reddest tape Hot line hotter line,s,s,How to identify a compound,Phonetic stress,compound phrase A fathead a fat head A darkroom a dark room A black horse a black horse A grandp
10、iano a grand piano,Types of compounds,Noun compounds Adjective compounds Verb compounds,Noun compounds,Adj+N: Easy chair, deadline N+N: end product, Dream Team, lip service V+N: crybaby, swearword Ving+N: cleaning lady, floating bridge V+Adv: sit-in, have-not Ving+adv: going-over, carryings-on,Adjec
11、tive compounds,Weather-beaten rockspeaceloving people everlasting friendshipa difficult-to-operate machinea made-up story an on the spot inspectiontaxfree productsfire-proof dress,You can make up compounds in writing!,a see-through shirt a difficult-to-operate machine a cant-be-put-down book a never
12、-to-be-forgotten event his higher-than-average wages the jumping-onto-the-chair-at -the-sight-of -a-mouse,Verb compounds,Formed by back-formationhouse-keep from housekeeper windowshop from window-shopping henpeck from henpecked,Verb compounds,Formed by conversion to blue-print to cold-shoulder to ho
13、neymoon to sweet-talk to nickname,Verb compounds make writing vivid!,He sweet-talked her into not being so sore.Leave all that out and remember only that Hugh Hefiner is a man who chain-drinks Pepsis.,Review I: Form compounds and translate!,well- -woman -wide -minded self- -related,some- half- -cons
14、cious -based -proof -in-law,Review II: P49,练习一 练习三,Derivation/Affixation,The process by which words are formed by adding affixes to a root.un-natural, hope-ful, kind-nessPrefixation VS suffixation,Prefixation: get the meanings of prefixes in the words.,Antecedent Byproduct Retrospect Hypocritical In
15、traday Introspect Intercede Pro-Communist ultraconservatism,Before Of less importance Back Beneath Within Into Between Support Extreme,Prefixation,1) Negative,Prefixation,Order Symmetry Governmental Believable Related Aligned,Disorder Asymmetry Nongovernmental Unbelievable Unrelated Nonaligned,Prefi
16、xation,2) Reversative,Prefixation,3) Pejorative prefixes,Prefixation,4) Prefixes of degree or size,Prefixation,5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude,Prefixation,6) Locative prefixes,Prefixation,7) Prefixes of time and order,Prefixation,8) Number prefixes,Prefixation,9) Conversion prefixes,Prefixat
17、ion,10) Miscellaneous prefixes,Suffixation,Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem.their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class
18、. However, they may also add attached meaning to the stem.,Suffixation,The classification of suffixes Since suffixes mainly change the word class, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into 1) noun suffixes 2) adjective suffixes 3) adverb suffixes 4) verb suffixes,Suffixation,1) Noun suffix
19、es,Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,Suffixation,1) Noun suffixes,Suffixation,2) Adjective Suffixes,Suffixation,2) Adjective Suffixes,Suffixation,2) Adjective Suffixes,Suffixation,3) Adverb Suffixes,Suffixation,4) Verb suffixes,Practise: Change th
20、em into verbs with proper suffixes.,False Sterile Intense Fat Horror Memory Apology,Falsify Sterilize Intensify Fatten Horrify Memorize Apologize,Review: P35,练习五：填入适当的后缀形式。,Conversion,Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the
21、addition of an affix. It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).,Pick out the words which are converted and explain how.,Problems snowballed by the hour. I am only one of his familiars. We cant stomach such an insult. This little restaurant is quite a find. He Hamleted at the chance and then he regret
22、ted for it. His argument contains too many ifs and buts. There is no come and go with her. Come to the fire and have a warm. They braved a 40-below-zero snowstorm to rescue the farms cattle.,NV,AdjN,NV,VN,NV,ConjN,VN,AdjN,AdjV,Conversion,Abuse House Use mouth,Abuse House Use Mouth,Changes of pronunc
23、iation or spelling,Conversion,Abstract Contrast Decrease Discount Export Rebel,Permit Progress Transfer Transplant Survey Torment,Shift of stress,Shortening,1) clippings（截短词）P71those created by clipping part of the word (usually a noun), leaving only a piece of the old word. The clipped form is norm
24、ally regarded as informal.,Clippings,ad=advertisement expo=exposition phone=telephone memo=memorandum,comfy=comfortable teeny=teenager handy=handkerchief telly=television,Give clippings for the following words,gymnasium dormitory automobile gasoline kilogram influenza business parachute refrigerator
25、 taxicab Omnibus aeroplane,gym dorm auto gas kilo flu biz chute fridge taxi or cab Bus plance,Shortening,2) initialisms（首字母缩略词）P74a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.,Initialisms,BBC
26、=British Broadcasting Corporation IOC=International Olympic Committee ISBN=International Standard Book Number CAD=computer assisted design cm=centimeter TB=tuberculosis,Write out in full the following initialisms,CPU DIY CEO IT AI SOS IDD GMT VIP P.S.,central processing unit Do it yourself Chief Exe
27、cutive Officer Information technology artificial intelligence Save our ship international direct dial Greenwich Mean Time very important person postscript,Shortening,3) acronyms（首字母拼音词）P76words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as words.Acronyms differ from initialisms in that
28、they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.,Acronyms,TEFL=teaching English as a foreign language Basic=Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction UNESCO=the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Sars=Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,Write out in full
29、 the following acronyms,TOEFL ROM NATO FIFA Aids UFO,Test of English as a foreign language read only memory The North Atlantic Treaty organization Federation Internationale de Football Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome Unidentified flying object,Blending P78,Blending（拼缀法）is a process of word-forma
30、tion in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words. The result of such a process is called a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word. Blending is thus a process of both compounding and abbreviation.,Point out how the following words are made.,smog=smoke+fog, brunch=breakfast+ lu
31、nch, smaze=smoke+maze newscast=newsbroadcast talkathon=talkmarathon slimnastics=slimgymnastics videophone= video telephone,Smog Brunch Smaze Newscast Talkathon Slimnastics videophone,Blending,sci-fi hoffice workaholic stagflation E-book sitcom motel netizen,sciencefiction homeoffice workalcoholic st
32、agnationinflation electronic + book situationcomedy motorhotel network + citizen = e-zine,Backformation,Back-formation（逆成法） is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation.,Backformation P84,edit editor automate
33、 automation donate donation brainwash brainwashing sleep-walk sleep-walking air-conditioner air-condition babysitter babysit dry-cleaning dry-clean lazy laze,Review: Identify the type of word formation:,1. information, commercials Informercials 2. Babysitter babysit 3. Demi + god Demigod 4. Do + able doable 5. A catalogue to catalogue 6. Drama + comedy dramedy 7. Game + pad gamepad 8. mike microphone 9. superstructure structure 10. p.c. postcard,= Blending = Back-formation = Prefixation = Suffixation = Conversion = Blending = Compound = Clipping = affixation = initialism,
