1、International Cargo Transport,Chapter 6,Objectives, the different modes of transport, esp. ocean transport the nature of liner transport general considerations on cargo transport the various kinds of B/L the contents of the transport clause,Focus,The time of delivery,Shipment terms,Difficult points,
2、Application of transport documents,Modes of transport ( ocean transport),Transport documents,Chapter 6,1,6.1. Modes of Transport6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport6. 3. Major Transport Documents6.4. Clause of Shipment,2,Chapter Six,What are the major types of transportation? Can you descr
3、ibe the advantages and disadvantages of the modes of transportation you have mentioned? What should we consider when choosing a certain mode of transportation?,Questions,3,4,Overview,Transport aids trade greatly. By moving goods from places in one country where they are sold to places in another whe
4、re they are bought, transport helps to bring about the realization of a transaction. Transport is indispensable to import and export business. In international trade, both the seller and the buyer should negotiate and stipulate the terms and conditions of the shipment clause, such as shipment date,
5、port of shipment and destination, partial shipment, transshipment, etc. Without specific stipulations of the shipment clause in the sales contract, some disputes would arise from the performance of the sales contract and lead to serious outcome.,The concept of delivery,The seller delivers the contra
6、cted goods at the agreed time, place and in the agreed manner to the buyer. In international trade, the delivery also means to transport the necessary documents at the stipulated time to the buyer. The former is called physical delivery of goods, which is applied in sales under E terms and D terms,
7、while the later is called symbolic delivery of goods, which is applied in the sales under F terms and D terms.,5,6.1. Modes of Transport (International Cargo Transportation),Inland Trans.Water Trans. Container Trans. River-seaCostal Trans. Combined Sea Trans. Inshore Trans. Trans. Land Bridge Trans.
8、 Ocean-going Trans.ICT Intl Multimodal Trans.Rail Trans.Land Trans.Air Trans. Road Trans.Pipe Trans. Postal Trans.,6,(1) Features of ocean transport (2) Operational modes of ocean transport (3) Freight Rates,7,1. Ocean/Sea/Marine Transport,Features of Ocean Transport, Advantages: The easy passage si
9、nce about 70% of the earth is covered by water. Large capacity. The unit distribution cost reduced. Good adaptability to cargoes of different size, weight, shape, etc. Disadvantages: The low passage of ocean transport. Vulnerable to bad weather and less punctual compared with road or air transport.,
10、8,1) Liner Transport（班轮运输）,A passenger or cargo vessel that operates over a regular route according to an advertised time-table. Features fixed route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freight loading and unloading charges included in freight simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantit
11、y,Types of Shipping Services,9,2) Charter Transport 租船运输 （Tramp Shipping)不定期船运输,The practice of paying money to a shipping company to use their boats. Much cheaper than that of the liner. Shippers may choose direct route. Widely used in transporting bulk cargoes.,10,Charter Transport,Voyage Charter,
12、Time Charter,Bareboat Charter,.,The charter or hiring of a vessel and crew for a single voyage,single trip charter单航次租船 return trip charter来回程航次租船 consecutive voyages 连续航次程租,The charter of a ship for a definite period of time.,The ship owner is responsible for providing seaworthy ship and the relate
13、d charges. The renter has the right to dispatch the ship, but bear all expenditures in transit, such as charges for fuels, port and loading & unloading.,A ship without crew and ships master,The charterer is responsible for crewing, provisioning and fuelling, maintaining and even paying different tax
14、es or duties within a period of time, usually a number of years,11,12,Freight is a special unit used in calculating charges that must be paid for shipping the cargo. Freight is collected in different ways. Shippers should be familiar with them in order to estimate and reduce, if possible, the cost o
15、f transport. Ocean freight may be broadly divided into liner freight and charter freight.,Ocean Freight,Liner Freight,Basic freight rates1）Weight重量法: for items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton). 2) Measurement体积法: for items
16、marked with “M”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton). 3) Ad Val.从价法: for items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. For some valuable goods like gold, silver, expens
17、ive fur, usually 1-5% of the price. 4) Weight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（选择法） 5）Per Head、Per Unit（按件法） 6）Open Rate 议定法,13,Surcharges, bunker surcharge/bunker adjustment factor (B.A.F.燃料附加费 ) devaluation surcharge/currency adjustment factor (C.A.F.货币贬值附加费) transshipment surcharge
18、direct additional heavy lift additional port additional/port surcharge port congestion surcharge deviation surcharge(绕航附加费),14,How to calculate liner freightSelect relevant freight list/freight tariff Determine the freight basis and class of the goods Find the basic freight in the freight grades lis
19、t according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destination Find the types of receivable surcharges Add surcharges to basic rate to get actual freight freight = actual freight x freight ton,15,Charter freight,The freight rate for charter is usually charged by quantities of the goods carried a
20、nd fluctuates with market conditions of supply and demand.,1) Liner terms/gross terms(班轮条件): the freight includes loading and unloading charges. The ship owner shall be responsible for loading and unloading. 2) Free in(船方管卸不管装): the ship owner bears the unloading charges, not loading charges. 3) Fre
21、e out(船方管装不管卸): the ship owner bears the loading charges, not the unloading charges. 4) Free In and Out(船方装卸均不管): the ship owner bears no unloading and loading charges. 5) Free In and Out and Stowed and Trimmed（船方不管装卸、理舱和平舱）: the ship owner is neither responsible for loading and unloading nor for st
22、owed and trimmed charges.,16,Operational Procedure of Ocean Transport for Export,备货报验,审核装运条款,货证齐全,托运订舱,货物集中港区,报关放行,装 船,签发收货单,换取已装船提单,制单结汇,保 险,签发装货单,报关单据,装船通知,17,World-famous Shipping Companies,澳大利亚国家航运公司 澳国航运 ANL 美国总统轮船（中国）有限公司 美国总统 APL 波罗的海航运公司 波罗的海 BOL 中国远洋集装箱运输有限公司 中远集运 COSCON 长荣香港有限公司上海办事处 香港长荣
23、EMC 香港航运有限公司 香港海运 HKMSH 现代商船株式会社上海代表处 现代商船 HMM 川崎汽船（中国）有限公司 川崎汽船 KLINE 上海天海货运有限公司 天海货运 TMSC 东航船务有限公司 东航船务 TOHO 日本邮船有限公司 日本邮船 NYK 东方海外货柜航运有限公司 东方海外 OOCL 上海国际轮渡有限公司 国际轮渡 SFCO 中海发展股份有限公司 中海发展 CSD 中外运（集团）总公司 中外运 SINOTRANS,18,2. Air Transport, Advantages: High speed Good quality Low risk Competitive insu
24、rance premium Disadvantages High cost Low capacity Vulnerable to disruption Sparsely located facilities.,19,Types of Air Transport Services,Four categories: Scheduled airlines 班机运输Chartered carriers 包机运输Consolidated consignments by freight forwarders 集中托运Air express service / desk to desk service 航空
25、速递 (1) Scheduled airlines: operating on a scheduled service, over a fixed airline and between fixed airports, suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods. (2) Chartered carriers: the hire of an aircraft by a shipper or several shippers to deliver cargoes, ideal for carrying cargoes of
26、large quantities or carrying cargoes of different shippers to the same destination. (3) Consolidated consignments: the air freight forwarder usually assembles a number of individual shipments into one consignment and dispatches them on one air waybill. A consolidated shipment made up by several ship
27、ments can be dispatched to one common destination. Many shippers prefer this kind of shipment as the freight rate is 7%-10% lower than that of a scheduled airline.(4) Air express service : the express service provided by air freight forwarders specializing in this line of business between consignors
28、, airports and users, suitable for urgently needed articles and important documents,20,Airline Rates,Air freight is normally collected according to actual weight for heavy cargo or measurement weight for large volume cargo. The rates are normally quoted per kilogram. The air freight excludes other c
29、harges such as customs fees and storage fees. In order to stimulate traffic, different types of air freight rates are designed. For instance, General Cargo Rates are the basic rates. Specific Commodity Rates are reduced rates applicable to a wide range of commodities specified in the tariff of the c
30、arrier. If no commodity rate is available for cargoes like live animals, human remains or valuable cargoes, Classification Rates apply.,21,Airline Rates,M/W (subject to the higher rate) Four types of airline rates:- General Cargo Rate (G.C.R.)一般货物运价- Specific Cargo Rate (S.C.R.)特种货物运价- Class Rate (C
31、.R.)等级运价- Unitized Consignments Rate (U.C.R) Characteristics of airline rates:- one-way freight from one airport to another- delivery charges, customs charges and storage charges excluded- publicized in local currency- measurement unit is kilo or pound- fluctuate in line with market conditions,22,Th
32、e division of responsibilities of the parties concerned in the air freight,发 货 人,空 运 代 理,航 空 公 司,航 空 公 司,空 运 代 理,收 货 人,责 任 承 担 者,提货,空运代理,航空公司,空运代理或 地面运输公司,报关,交付,航空 运输,提货 报关,交货,23,Some Airlines in the World,Rail Transport, Advantages Large capacity (second to ocean transport) Relatively high speed Ec
33、onomical Relatively punctual Less prone to interruptions by poor weather Disadvantages Confined to railroad Less flexible,24,International Railway Through Transport- under one rail consignment note- shipper or consignee not involved when goods are transiting the countriesSiberia Transcontinental Rai
34、lwayEurasia Transcontinental RailwayRailway transport to Hong Kong and Macao Domestic Rail Transport,25,Road Transport, Advantages Versatile Flexible in operation High distributive ability Disadvantages Low capacity High operating cost High risk of pilferage and damage Complication,26,Containerizati
35、on,Containerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. It is the most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology
36、 and so on.,27,Features of containerization:, Advantages Increase the efficiency of handling Improve the transportation quality Save operating costs Simplify delivery formalities Promote multi-modal transportation,28,Containers and Container Transport,The majority of containers are built to the ISO
37、specification. The 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 X 8 X 40 and 8 X 8 X 20). The container capacity is measured in TEUs (Twenty-feet Equivalence Units). Containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but not widely used.Three major types of containers:8 X 8 X 40 (IA)
38、; 8.6 X 8 X 40(IAA); 8 X 8 X 20 (IC),29,Container Transport,Containerization offers: a door to door service under FCL/FCL（整装整拆）, door to container freight station (CFS) service under FCL/LCL（整装拼拆） CFS to CFS service under LCL/LCL（拼装拼拆） CFS to door service under LCL/FCL （拼装整拆）,30,Container Freight,Ba
39、sed on container capacity/origin and destination of the merchandiseInland transportation cost is includedBased on the type of commodityFor LCL, each commodity is charged separately for the freight,31,International Multi-modal Transport,At least two modes of transport One contract, one transport docu
40、ment, one operator, one freight rate Use of containers Advantages High efficiency Good quality Cost and time saving Economy and simplicity of documentation,32,6.2. General Considerations on Cargo Transport,(1） Reliability (2）Speed and Frequency (3）Cost,33,6.3 Major Transport Documents,Bill of lading
41、 Consignment note (for Rail and Road) Air waybill Combined transport documents (CTD),34,Bill of Lading (B/L),1. Definition and FunctionA bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: 1) a receipt of the goods(货物收据) 2) a document of title(物权凭证) 3) the evidence of the contract between the cons
42、ignor and the carrier (运输契约的证明),35,Bill of lading (B/L)A bill of lading (B/L) is used for sea shipment and is a certificate of ownership of goods. It must be produced at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods. As a document of title, the bill of lading is also a negoti
43、able document and you may sell the goods by endorsing or handing it over to another authorized party, even while the goods are still at sea. Although negotiable bills of lading are in common use, some countries do not allow them or make it difficult for them to be used. You have to be sure that a ne
44、gotiable B/L is accepted in your country. Otherwise, a non-negotiable B/L is issued. The B/L is a formal, signed receipt for a specified number of packs, which is given to the export agent by the shipping line when the shipping line receives the consignment. If the cargo is apparently in good order
45、and properly packed when received by the shipping line, the bill of lading, is deemed as “clean“. The ship owner thus accepts full liability for the cargo described in the bill. See sample B/L,36,2. Types of B/L,As per whether the goods are shipped on board: Shipped (on board) B/L已装船提单 Received for
46、shipment B/L备运提单 As per whether the B/L is clean or not: Clean B/L Unclean/Foul B/L Unclean B/L can not used for negotiation.,Some remarks can not be regarded as “ unclean”. 不明白地表示货物或包装不能令人满意，如：“旧包装”，“旧箱” 强调承运人对于货物或包装性质引起的风险不负责任 否认承运人知悉货物内容、质量、重量等 发货人装载并计数,37,38,As per the name of the consignee Stra
47、ight B/L记名提单 Blank B/L /Bearer B/L不记名提单 Order B/L指示提单 (widely used),Comparisons,As per the modes of transport,Direct B/L直达提单 Transshipment B/L转船提单 Through B/L联运提单 Liner B/L班轮提单 Container B/L Combined B/L As per the content of the B/L Long form B/L全式提单 Short form B/L简式提单 As per the effect of B/L Orig
48、inal B/L)正本提单 Copy B/L副本提单,39,As per the issuing date of B/L,On deck B/L甲板提单When cargo is placed on the deck of a ship for delivery, an On Deck B/L is given to the exporter when the ship leaves port. Stale B/L过期提单Bills presents to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry date o
49、f presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination Ante-dated B/L倒签提单When the actual shipment date is later than that stipulated in the L/C, the carrier sometimes, at the shippers request, issues a B/L with a date of signature that suits the requirement so as to avoid non-acceptance by the bank. Advanced B/L预借提单When the expiry date of the L/C is due but the exporter hasnt yet got the goods ready for shipment. The purpose of issuing such a bill is to negotiate payment with the bank in time within the validity of the L/C.,
