1、一行二动三意义纵观 10 年来各地高考试题对定语从句的考查，越来越突出能力立意，通过一系列的增元、减员，前置等变换手段来考查。定语从句中关于“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时介词的选择则更是令众多考生十分头疼的一大难题。之所以难，主要在于难以选出合适的介词。应对“介词+关系代词”中介词如何选则这一难题，笔者根据教学经验，总结出一套行之有效的秘诀：“一先二动三意义”。一、 一先，即先杀先行词。 从先行词下手。介词往往和先行词构成固定搭配。杀题背景：当先行词往往是那些表示时间、地点、原因、方法、工具等的词时，它们与介词之间有一定的固定联系，多用这种方法。（比如时间常和on; in、by 搭配，地点常
2、用 on; in; at，原因用 for, 方式用 in; by; with等等） eg: The pencil _C_he used to write is broken.A. in which B. by which C. with which D. with that 解题：考的是“介词+关系代词”结构，关系代词指物的话用 which,指人 whom,先把 D 选项排除了。剩下这三项选择哪个呢？我们先从先行词下手，pencil 是工具范畴，介词搭配一般用 with,选择 C.【牛刀小试】Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go
3、 to the forest when they remembered the scenes _A_ people were eaten by the tiger. （2005 广东卷） A. in which B. by which C. which 解题： when 引导时间状语从句“在那个情景中，人被老虎吃掉”。先行词 scene 情景，场合，属于“时间，地点”类型的词。符合我们杀题三部曲之第一部曲的杀题背景。我们说在情景中，在场合下，搭配的介词是 in ，in the scenes 选择 A .二、杀题第二部曲 二动。即看从句中的谓语动词结构。根据从句中谓语动词的搭配选择合适的介词。杀
4、题背景：先行词没有明显可以固定搭配的介词，介词的选用与从句中谓语结构的搭配有关。eg: American women usually identify their best friend as someone_D_they can talk frequently. （2004 上海卷）A.who B.as C. about whom D. with whom 解析： 先行词是不定代词 someone，指人，而且作从句中 talk 的宾语，马上在记忆库中搜索匹配的关系代词，排除作主语的 A 选项。再看 B，我们已经知道 as 引导非限定性定语从句，也排除了。剩下 C, D.考查选择合适介词，符合
5、杀题二部曲的背景。先行词看不出来的。根据从句中的谓语动词结构来判断。与某人聊天用的是 talk with somebody 。答案出来了 D.【牛刀小试】The English play _c_ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （2004全国 I）A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 解析：主句是 The English play was a great success。在新年晚会上，我的学生们表演的英文剧取得了成功。先行词是 play，四个选
6、项里关系代词都是表示物体的 which,这没问题。关键选哪个介词呢？单从先行词身上判断不出来，我们就采取杀题第二部曲，从从句谓语动词的结构上下手。act 不及物动词，若表示扮演节目，要加上 in.此处表演话剧 act in a play 。介词in 提前了，我们选择 c.这道题是 04 年全国一卷的题。三、第三部曲-通过判断主句表达的全部意义来确定合适的介词。eg: He was educated at the local high school,_ he went on to Beijing University. (2007 江苏卷 33 题)Aafter which B. after t
7、hat C. in which D. in that 解析：正确答案为 A。这是个非限定性定语从句。which 指代前面整个句子的情况。句意为“在当地中学毕业后，他上了北京大学” ，介词选择 after.四、特殊情况：介词 of 常用于结构：表示部分的词语of关系代词表示部分的词语常见的有：不定代词 all, both, none, neither, either, some, any, 数词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数)；数词+名词；the +最高级/比较级，以及表示数目或数量的词语 many, most, few, several, enough, half a, a quarter。
8、高考考例： 1. (2004 湖北卷) There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 解析：答案为 D。the larger of which 指代 the larger of the two buildings; B 选项缺少一个连词。 2. (2004 辽宁卷) The factory produces half a million pairs of
9、shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that 解析：答案为 A。80% of which 指代的是 80% of the shoes。本题意为：这家工厂每年生产的 50 万双鞋子有 80%都是销往国外的。 不能用于“介词+关系代词的情况：含有介词的固定的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of 等不能把介词提前。 eg: This is the watch which/that I am looking for.
10、 表语形容词表语是用来说明主语的性质,身份,特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词之后。表语可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。 表语是谓语的一部分，它位于系动词如 be之后，说明主语身份，特征，属性或状态。一般由名词，代词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词短语等充当。 My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是护士。例子形容词可以分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类， 1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。 2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形
11、容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。 （错） He is an ill man. （对） The man is ill. （错） She is an afraid girl. （对） The girl is afraid. 这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。 所谓表语形容词，它指的是那些只用于连系动词后作表语，而不能用于名词前作定语的形容词。英语中的表语形容词非常有限，归纳起来，主要有以下几类： 一、某些以
12、a-开头的形容词 afraid 害怕的 alive 活着的 alone 单独的 ashamed 羞愧的 asleep 睡着的 awake 醒着的 alike 相似的 请看实例： Dont be afraid of it. 别怕。 Now the baby is asleep. 现在孩子睡着了。 He was alone in the house.他独自一人在家里。 若要用作定语且具有以上意义，可改用其他形容词： 误：an asleep child， an ashamed girl， an alive poet 正：a sleeping child， a shy girl， a living p
13、oet 二、某些表示健康的形容词 fine 健康的 ill 有病的 well 身体健康的 请看实例： he was ill and couldnt come他病了，所以不能来。“介词+关系代词”中介词的确定方法 在有关定语从句的考查中， 出来经常考查有关关系代词与关系副词的区别之外， 还会经 常考查到“介词+关系代词”的用法，而在这个结构中的考查的重点也是考生的难点则是如 何确定介词。 下面就请同学们仔细阅读所给例句， 然后总结出这个结构中介词的常见几种确 定方法。 【方法一】 a. I have many good friends, of whom Tom is the best.我有许多好
14、朋友， 汤姆是其中最好的。 b. I lost all the money, without which I couldnt go to Beijing. 我把所有的钱都丢了， 没了这 些钱我无法去北京。 c. His dream to buy a house for his parents, for which he had worked hard many years, came true at last.他为父母买一所房子的梦想，为此他已经奋斗多年了，终于实现了。 【归纳】 从上述例句中我们可以看出，在 “介词+关系代词”中，介词的确定可以根据整个句意 来决定。【考例】 1. For m
15、any cities in the world, there is no room to spread our further, _ New York is an example.(08 年四川) A. for which B. in which C. of which D. from which 2. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bearers had reached the top of Mount Qomolangma, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon.(08 年福建) A. of which B. on wh
16、ich C. from which D. above which 3. He was educated at the local high school, _he went onto BeijingUniversity.(07 年江苏） A. after which B. after that答案：13：CDAC. in whichD. in that【方法二】 a. My cat isnt seen for several days, about which Im worried a lot.已经好几天不 见我的猫了，我非常担心它。b. I couldnt get in touch with
17、 any friend that day, to whom I had planned to turn for help.那天 我联系不上一个朋友，我本想向他们求助的。 c. I lost the book on the way home, for which I paid $10.我回家的路上丢了那本书，我花了 10 美元买的。 【归纳】 从上述例句我们可以看出，在 “介词+关系代词”的结构中，介词的确定可以根据与从 句中的动词、形容词或名词所构成的固定短语来确定。 【考例】 1. Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a lo
18、ng time. (09 年陕西) A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which2. I saw a woman running to ward me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction _ she had come. (06 重庆) A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which 3. We saw several natives advancin
19、g towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _ we gave Some bells and glasses.(06 年湖南)A. to which B. to whom . C. with whom D. with which 答案：13：CDB 【方法三】 a. I will never forget the day on which I was saved from the river by that man.我 永远不会忘记我被那个人从河里就上来的那天。 b. Could you lend me a pen with whic
20、h I want to fill in this form. 能借我一支填 写这个表格的钢笔吗？ c. This is the way in which I learn English.这就是我学英语的方法。 【归纳】从上述例句我们可以看出，在“介词+关系代词”的结构中，介词的确定可以根据与先 行词的搭配来确定。同时，在这种情况中，如果先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时， “介 词+ 关系代词”常常可以用 when 或 where 替换，如 a 中的 on which 可换作 when。 【考例】 1. We went through a period _communications were v
21、ery difficult in the rural areas.(08 年上海) A. which B. whose C. in which D. with which 2. Human facial expression differ from those of animals in the degree _they can be controlled on purpose.(07 年重庆) A. with which B. to which C. of which D. for which 3. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _ people were eaten by the tiger.(05 年广东) A. in which B. by which 答案：13：BBA C. which D. that关系词常有三个作用：1，引导定语从句；2，代替先行词，3，在定语从句中担当一个成分
