1、0(二)名词I. 名词的种类:专有名词 普通名词可数名词 不可数名词国名地名人名,团体机构名称 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词II. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es 。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则 例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-esleaf-leaves,
2、 thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y为 i 加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词,或专有名词以 y 结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,
3、Henry-Henrys有生命的加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes6以辅音字母加-o 结尾的名词 无生命的加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加 -s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,9 以 c
4、e, se, ze, ge 等结尾的名词加 -s case,oranges2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则 例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, conten
5、ts4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), lo
6、oks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese7表示“某国人” 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen1将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复
7、数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches8 合成名词将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加s 构成,二是由介词of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s 所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 复数名词不规则复数名词后
8、加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my
9、uncles2. s 所有格的用法: 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6 与
10、人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the lifes time, the plays plot7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of 所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed注:不同国籍人的单复数 国籍 总称(谓语用复数) 单数 复
11、数 中国人 the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss 澳大利亚人 the Australians, an Australian, two Australians 俄国人 the Russians, a Russian, two Russians意大利人 the Italians, an Italian, two Italians 希腊人 the Greek, a Greek, two Greeks 法国人 the French, a Frenchman, two Frenchmen 日本人 the
12、 Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese 美国人 the Americans, an American, two Americans 印度人 the Indians, an Indian, two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians, a Canadian, two Canadians 德国人 the Germans, a German, two Germans 英国人 the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes4.特殊的复数形式:
13、1)集体名词:集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰,下面的集体名词,不能用 a,one ,two 等修饰,只能在其前加 the 表示“全体” 。the police 警察( 指全体警察) the English 英国人(指全体英国人)the French 法国人(指全体法国人) 2)复合名词2a woman teacherwomen teachers 女教师 an EnglishmanEnglishmen 英国男子a grown-upgrown-ups 成人 a brother-in-lawbrothers-in-law 内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯5.不可数名词专有名词:NBA 全美篮球协会 Micha
14、el Jackson 迈克杰克逊 the West Lake 西湖物质名词:液体:milk water tea coffee juice oil(油)肉类:beef chicken mutton pork天气:weather rain snow wind light 光其他:news(新闻,消息 ) bread(面包)抽象名词:fun love luck duty kindness 善良 happiness 幸福 progress 进步【注意】有些不可数的物质名词有复数形式,但表达不同意义。tea different kinds of teas 不同种类的茶food 食品 all kinds
15、of foods 各种各样的食品fruit 水果 all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯名词练习1. The _ of the room were covered with _.A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves2. There are three _ in our factory.A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doct
16、or3. Which do you prefer _ or _?A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are _ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the _ office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chiefs B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chiefsC. editors-in-c
17、hiefs, editors-in-chiefs D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chiefs5. The ant has two _. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs6. He doesnt like _ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks7. It was _ hot weather that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a8. _ won
18、derful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a9. We know _ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound10. My family raise a lot of _, including two _.A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers _ at he c
19、amp gate(军营门口) .A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D. was12. The Browns have spent a large _ of money on their new car.A. deal B. amount C. number D. size13. _ work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of14. Mr Li shook _ war
20、mly with a friend.A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands15. Two _, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee16. I cant pay as _ as he asked for.A. high price a B. high price C. a high price D. high a price317. _ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Mans B. Mens C. Mens D. Pers
21、ons18.I stayed at _. A. Xiao Wangs B. Wangs home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang19. Sister Carrie works in a _ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoes20. Have you ever read _?A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. todays newspaper21. Two _ walk didnt made me tired. A. hour
22、B. hours C. hours D. hours22. The mother over there is _ mother.A. Julia and Mary B. Julia and Marys C. Julias and Marys D. Julias and Mary23. Li Mings handwriting is better than _ in the class.A. anyones B. anyone else C. anyones elses D. anyone elses24. The children are playing _ on the _.A. sand,
23、 sand B. sands, sands C. sand, sands D. sands, sand25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller _. A. set B. one C. copy D. pair26. Tom usually takes a _ in bus on rainy days. A. walk B. ride C. trip D. travel27. We have no _ about where she has gone.A. information B. news C. message D. flash28.
24、 Food and _ are daily necessities(需要)for the people.A. cloth B. clothe C. clothes D. clothing29. My _ of hearing is not so good as it used to be. A. strength B. sense C. power D. skill30. The _ caused by carelessness _ yesterday. Many workers were killed.A. incident, was happened B. matter, happened
25、 C. event, was taken place D. accident, took place31. The room was so quiet that she could hear the _ of her heart.A. beating B. ways C. knocking D. striking32. _ has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The public B. People C. Women D. Man33. He was an _ in the government _.A. office, of
26、ficial B. official, office C. officer, office D. official, officer34. There are several _ in this novel who are different in _.A. character, character B. characters, characters C. character, characters D. characters, character35. We visited him _ when he was in hospital.A. every other days B. each o
27、ther day C. every other day D. every two day36. My friend will return in _.A. one day or two B. a day or two C. one day or two D. a or two days37. _ is always difficult for me. A. Translation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation38. _ of this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.A. Tr
28、anslation B. Translate C. The translation D. A translation39. The police _ looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to40. The Chinese are _ brave and hard working people. A. the B. a C. / D. one41. No news _ good news. A. is B. are C. have D. has42. Maths still _ very difficult f
29、or me, though I have done my best. A. looks B. seems C. is D. are43. “Where _ my trousers?” the boy asked. A. is B. was C. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they are _.A. in nice spirits B. in nice spirit C. in high spirits D. in high spirit45. I saw many _ seated in the corner reading s
30、omething.A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. of Japanese D. of Japaneses46. Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble.A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices47. We are _ and they are _. A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen, German C. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen48. _ are
31、 made of _.A. A glass, a glass B. Glasses, glass C. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glasses49. Ill have to buy _ trousers. A. a B. two C. a pair of D. a couple of50. There are two _ in our class. A. Liu B. Lius C. Lius D. Lius51. _ is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothes B. Much clothing C.
32、 Many a cloth D. Lots of clothes52. They are _. A. mathematics student B. mathematic studentsC. students in mathematics D. mathematics students53. The laboratory assistant recorded the _ reactions(反应).4A. mouses B. mice C. mices D. mices54. This letter was sent by _.A. my father friend B. my father
33、friends C. a friend of my fathers D. a friend of my father55. Ten years had passed. I found she had _. A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs56. I have made _ with Billy. A. friends B. friend C. a friend D. the friend57. The population of Beijing is _ than
34、 that of Xian. A. more B. larger C. fewer D. small58. There are thirty-two _ in our school.A. woman teacher B. women teacher C. women teachers D. woman teachers59. He had tried everything but it made little_ . A. use B. good C. difference D. result60. You must get there within half an hour. There sh
35、ould be no_ in sending the blood to the dying man.A. wait B. delay C. time D. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any_ .A. excuse B. sense C. use D. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice? -Playing on ice is not my _of spare time.A. idea B. thought C. mind
36、 D. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the_ .A. travel B. tourism C. journey D. course64. One splendid mountain_ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. view B. glance C. screen D. scene65.The new
37、 law will come into _on the day it is passed. (1999 上海)A. effect B. use C. service D. existence66. When you play football, what _do you play? A. situation B. place C. part D. position67. Its important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the_in language studies.A. situation B. expression
38、 C. condition D. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my _of his thoughtfulness.A. achievement B. agreement C. view D. appreciation名词答案:15 BBDDD 610 BBCAA 1115 ABCCB 1620 DAACD 2125 DBDCD 2630 BADBD 3135 AABDC 3640 BACCB 4145 ABDCA 4650 BABCB 5155 BDDCD 5660 ABCCB6165 BACAA 6670 DAD(三)冠词冠词分为不
39、定冠词(a, an) ,定冠词(the ) ,和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法:1 指一类人或事,相当于 a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.2 第一次提及某人某物,非特指 A boy is waiting for you.3 表示“每一”相当于 every,one We study eight hours a day.4 表示“相同”相当于 the same We are nearly of an age.5 用于人名前,表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you
40、were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6 用于固定词组中 A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7 用于 quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.8 用于 so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法:1 表示某一类人或物 The h
41、orse is a useful animal.2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? 4 用于乐器前面 play the violin, play the guitar5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded6 表示“一家人”或“ 夫妇” the Greens, the Wangs7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the ta
42、ller of the two children.8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French59 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.10 在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990s11 用于表示单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.12 用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表示时间的词组前 He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠
43、词的用法:1 专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2 名词前有 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3 季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring4 表示职位,身份,头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.5 学科,语言,球类,棋类
44、名词前 He likes playing football/chess.6 与 by 连用表示交通工具的名词前 by train, by air, by land7 以 and 连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.练习题填空There is _ picture of _ elephant on _ wall 2This is _ useful bookIve read it for _ hour 3 _ elephant is much heavier than _ horse 4 _ doctor told him to take _ medicine three times _ day 5Lets go out for _ walk 6Its too hotOpen _ door ,