1、（二）名词I.名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名，团体可数名词不可数名词机构名称个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II.名词的数:1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thie
2、ves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变 y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以兀音字母加y结尾的名词，或专 有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词有生命的加-eshero-
3、heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes无生命的加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos kilo-kilos, solo-solos7以兀音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,9以ce, se, ze, ge等结尾的名词加-scase, oranges2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的
4、复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下:规贝1例词1改变名词中的兀音字母或其他 形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作
5、复数（成员）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs（海 关），forces（军 队），times（时 代）, spirits（情绪），drinks（饮料），sands（沙滩），papers（文 件报纸），manners（礼貌），100ks（外表），brains（头脑 智力）,greens（青菜），ruins（废墟）7表 示“某国 人”加-sAmericans, Austra
6、lians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾 的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后，部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servants合成名 词III.名
7、词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加 of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.航有格的构成：构成，二是由介词单数名词在末尾加sthe boy sather, Jack book, her son-in-law photo,卜数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe children s toys, women s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加或者Dickens novels, Charles s job, the Smiths表示各
8、自的所有美系时，各名词末尾均 须加SJapan snd America problems, Jane and Mary s bikes卜示共有的所有美系时在最舟-词末加SJapan and America s problems, Jane and M father表示U某人家店铺，所有格后名 词省略the doctor s, the barber s, the tailorsarys, my uncle shouse2）复合名词142.航有格的用法:1表小时间today s newspaper, fivweeks; holiday2表示自然现象the earth s atmosphere, t
9、he tree s branche3表示国家城市等地方的名 词the country plan, the world population, China industry4表示工作群体the ship s crew, majority s view, the team5表示度量衡及价值a mile s journey, five dollarsorth of applesw6与人类活动有特殊关系的 名词the life s time, the play s plot7某些固定词组a bird s eye view, a stone s throw, at one 不知所措）s用于有生命的东西，
10、尤其是有较长定语时:3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the books victorys wit s end（the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed注：不同国籍人的单复数国籍总称（谓语用复数）单数复数中国人 the Chinese, a Chinese, two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss, a Swiss, two Swiss澳大禾 1 亚人 the Australians, a
11、n Australian, two Australians 俄国人 the Russians, a Russian, two Russians 意大利人 the Italians, an Italian, two Italians 希腊人 the Greek, a Greek, two Greeks法国人 the French, a Frenchman, two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese, a Japanese, two Japanese 美国人 the Americans, an American, two Americans 度人 the Indians, an
12、 Indian, two Indians 力口拿大人 the Canadians, a Canadian, two Canadians 德国人 the Germans, a German, two Germans 英国人 the English, an Englishman, two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish, a Swede, two Swedes 4.特殊的复数形式：a, one, two 等修饰,1）集体名词：集体名词不能运用具体的数字修饰，下面的集体名词，不能用只能在其前加the表示全体the police警察（指全体警察）the English 英国人（指
13、全体英国人）the French 法国人（指全体法国人）a woman teacher women teachers女教师an Englishman Englishmen 英国男子34内兄、内弟、小叔、大伯a grown-up grown-ups 成人a brother-in-law brothers-in-law5.不可数名词 专有名词：物质名词：液体：NBA液体：肉类：天气： 其他：全美篮球协会milkbeefweatherMichael Jackson 迈克杰克逊waterchickenrainteamuttonsnowcoffee pork windjuicethe West Lake
14、 西湖oil（油）light 光news（新闻，消息）抽象名词： fun love luck dutybread（面包）kindness 善良 happiness幸福 progress进步不可数 的物质名词有复数形式 ，但表达不同意义。teadifferent kinds of teas 不同种类的茶food 食品 all kinds of foods 各种各样的食品fruit 水果 all kinds of fruits 各种各样的水果glass 玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 glasses 眼镜、玻璃杯名词练习1. The of the room were covered with .
15、A. roofs, leafsB. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves2. There are three in our factory.A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor3. Which do you prefer or ?A. potatos, tomatosB. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes4. They are of different p
16、resses（ 出版社 ）. Now they are having a meeting in one of the office.A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in- chief sB. editors-in-chief, editor-in- chief sC. editors-in- chiefs, editor -in-cshief sD. editors-in-chief, editors-in- chief s5. The ant has two . A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs6. He
17、 doesn t like for supper.A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks7. It was hot weather that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a8. wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a9. We know travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D
18、. a sound10. My family raise a lot of , including two .A. cattle, cowsB. cows, cattleC. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles11. A number of soldiers at he camp gate （军营门口） .D. wasA. have gathered B. has gathered C. is12. The Browns have spent a large of money on their new car.A. dealB. amountC. numberD. si
19、ze13. work has been done to improve the people s living standard.D. A number ofD. the handsD. cups coffeeD. high a price s C. Mens D. PersonA. ManyB. A great many C. A great deal of14. Mr Li shook warmly with a friend.A. handB. a handC. handsC. cup of coffeeC. a high priceA. Man s B. Men 15. Two , p
20、lease. A. coffee B. coffees16. I can t pay as as he asked for.A. high price aB. high price17. knowledge of space develops rapidly.18.I stayed at .19. Sister Carrie works in a20. Have you ever read _A. today newspaperA. Xiao Wang s B. Wang factory.A. shoess home C. the Wangs D. home of WangB. shoses
21、C. shoeD. shoe s21. Twowalk didn22. The mother over there isA. Julia and MaryB. newspaper today t made me tiAre.dh.our _ mother.C. newspaper of todayB. hoursC. hour sD. today s newspaperD. hours 23. Li Ming s handwriting is better than _ A. anyone sB. anyone else24. The children are playing on the A
22、. sand, sandB. sands, sands25. If these trousers are too big, buy a smallerB. Julia and Mary s C. Julias and Mary D.s Julias and Mary26. Tom usually takes ain bus on rainy days.in the class.C. anyone C. sand, sandsA. setA. walks elseB. oneB. rideD. anyone elseD. sands, sandC. copy D. pairC. trip D.
23、travel27. We have no _ A. information28. Food and A. clothabout where she has gone.B. news are daily necessities （需要）B. clotheC. message for the people.C. clothesD. flash29. My30. Theof hearing is not so good as it used to be.A. strengthD. clothingB. sense C. power D. skillcaused by carelessnessA. i
24、ncident, was happenedC. event, was taken placeyesterday. Many workers were killed.B. matter, happenedD. accident, took place31. The room was so quiet that she could hear theA. beatingB. ways_ of her heart. C. knockingD. striking32.has been told not to throw waste things anywhere.A. The publicB. Peop
25、le33. He was an in the governmentC. WomenD. ManA. office, official34. There are severalB. official, officeC. officer, officeD. official, officerin this novel who are different inA. character, character B. characters, charactersC. character, characters D. characters, character35. We visited him when
26、he was in hospital.A. every other daysB. each other day36. My friend will return in .A. one day or two B. a day or twoC. every other dayC. one day or twoD. every two dayD. a or two days37.38.is always difficult for me. A. Translationof this novel is excellent, quite to my surprise.B. Translate C. Th
27、e translation D. A translationA. TranslationB. TranslateC. The translation D. A translation39. The police looking into the matter now. A. be B. is C. are D. are going to40. The Chinese are brave and hard working people. A. the B. a C. / D. one41. No news good news.A. isB. are C. have D. has42. Maths
28、 still very difficult for me, though I have done my best. A. looks B. seems C. is D. are43.“ Wheremy trousers? ” the boy askeAd. .is B. wasC. were D. are44. How happy they are! Obviously, they areA. in nice spirits45. I saw many A. JapaneseB. in nice spiritC. in high spiritsD. in high spiritseated i
29、n the corner reading something.B. JapanesesC. of JapaneseD. of Japaneses46. Father went to his doctor forabout his heart trouble.A. an adviceB. advice47. We are and they are .A. Englishmen, Germans B. Englishmen, GermanC. advicesD. the advicesC. Englishmans, Germans D. Englishmen, Germen48.are made
30、ofA. A glass, a glass49. I ll have to buy50. There are two B. Glasses, glass_ trousers. in our class.A. aA. LiuC. The glass, the glass D. Glasses, glassesB. two C. a pair of D. a couple ofB. LiusC. Liu s D. Lius51.is needed in cold countries.A. A lot of clothes 52. They are .B. Much clothingA. mathe
31、matics studentC. students in mathematicsC. Many a clothD. Lots of clothes53. The laboratory assistant recorded the A. mouses B. mice54. This letter was sent by .reactionsB. mathematic studentsD. mathematics students .C. mices D. mice sA. my father friend B. my father friend C. a friend of my father
32、D. a friend of my father 55. Ten years had passed. I found she had.A. a little white hair B. some white hair C. a few white hair D. a few white hairs56. I have made with Billy. A. friendsB. friend C. a friend D. the friend57. The population of Beijing is than that of XiA. more B. larger C. fewer D.
33、small58. There are thirty-two in our school.A. woman teacher B. women teacher C. women teachers D. woman teachers 59. He had tried everything but it made little. A. use B. good C. difference D. result 60. You must get there within half an hour. There should be no in sending the blood to the dying ma
34、n.A. waitB. delayC. timeD. hurry61. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any.A. excuseB. senseC. useD. value62. -How dare you play on such thin ice? -Playing on ice is not my of spare time.A. ideaB. thoughtC. mindD. intention63. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta
35、by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for theA. travelB. tourismC. journeyD. course64. One splendid mountain followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz.A. viewB. glanceC. screenD. scene65. The new law will come into on the day it is passed. （1999 上海）A. effectB. use
36、C. serviceD. existence66. When you play football, what do you play? A. situation B. place C. part D. position67. Its important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the in language studies.A. situationB. expressionC. conditionD. translation68. I wrote him a letter to show my of his though
37、tfulness.A. achievementB. agreementC. viewD. appreciation名词答案： 15 BBDDD 610 BBCAA 1115 ABCCB 1620 DAACD 2125 DBDCD 2630 BADBD 3135 AABDC 3640 BACCB 4145 ABDCA 4650 BABCB 5155 BDDCD 5660 ABCCB 6165 BACAA 6670 DAD（三）冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：1指,类人或事，相当于 a kind ofA plane is a machine t
38、hat can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表小 陈- 相当于 every, oneWe study eight hours a day.4Wtk 相同 相the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名 人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hu
39、rry, have a walk, many a time7MT quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于 so(as, too, how)+形谷词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法:1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独f二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事
40、Would you mind opening the door?4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示家人”或夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名 词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单
41、数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990 s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的 词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法:1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名 词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前后 this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等 限制I want
42、 this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day a
43、nd night8表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.练习题填空There is picture of elephant on wall .2. This is useful book. Ive read it for hour .3. elephant is much heavier than horse.4. doctor told him to take medicine three times day.5. Lets go out for walk .6. Its too hot . Open door, please.7. There is wom
44、an over there. woman is Meimeis mother.8. sun rises in east.9. Changjiang River is longest river in China.10. Are you going to do it second time?11. Washington is capital of USA .12. Turners are living at the end of Turner Street.13. He joined the army in spring of 1995 .14. old man is teacher. He likes playing basketball after supper.15. After I had quick breakfast, I hurried to school .16. Are sheep kept by farmers for producing wool and meat?17. They went to Peoples Park, but we both went to Peoples Cinema yesterday.18. I often watch TV in evening.19. day of December 20, 1999 is Monday .
