1、Unit 1ListeningBusinesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs.The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything. For legal purposes, with this kind of busin
2、ess, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of th
3、e partnership each person controls.One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business. Doctors, lawyers and accountants ofte
4、n form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers
5、. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.Unit 2Script for listening taskTask 1 p40-41Keys：1. BACDA2. particular; concrete; in the light of the past;
6、outside his regard; as near the earth as a politicianUnit 3ListeningKeys to After-class tasksTask 2FTFFScript for listening:People differ in many ways. One difference is in how attractive they are. The actor Brad Pitt, for instance, is a handsome man. In part for this reason, his movies attract larg
7、e audiences. Not surprisingly, the large audiences mean a large income for Mr. Pitt. How prevalent are the economic benefits of beauty? Labor economists Daniel Hamermesh and Jeff Biddle tried to answer this question in a study published in the December 1994 issue of The American Economic Review. Ham
8、ermesh and Biddle examined data from surveys of individuals in the United States and Canada. The interviewers who conducted the survey were asked to rate each respondents physical appearance. Hamermesh and Biddle then examined how much the wages of the respondents depended on the standard determinan
9、ts - education, experience, and so on- and how much they depended on physical appearance.Hamermesh and Biddle found that beauty pays. People who are deemed to be more attractive than average earn five percent more than people of average looks. People of average looks earn five to 10 percent more tha
10、n people considered less attractive than average. Similar results were found for men and women.What explains these differences in wages? There are several ways to interpret the “beauty premium”.One interpretation is that good looks are themselves a type of innate ability determining productivity and
11、 wages. Some people are born with the attributes of a movie star; other people are not. Good looks are useful in any job in which workers present themselves to the public- such as acting, sales, and waiting on tables. In this case , an attractive worker is more valuable to the firm than an unattract
12、ive worker. The firms willingness to pay more to attractive workers reflects its customers preferences.A second interpretation is that reported beauty is an indirect measure of other types of ability. How attractive a person appears depends on more than just heredity. It also depends on dress, hairs
13、tyle, personal demeanor, and other attributes that a person can control. Perhaps a person who successfully projects an attractive image in a survey interview is more likely to be an intelligent person who succeeds at other tasks as well. A third interpretation is that the beauty premium is a type of
14、 discrimination, a topic to which we return later. Unit 4ListeningKeys to textbook tasks1. demography; the scientific study of population2. standard measures; births; deaths; the number of those moving in and out; general statistics; identify trends1. the number of births per 1000 people in a given
15、year2. the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year3. the number of live births per 1000 women of the world4. 18Listening script:The scientific study of population is known as demography. The word comes from the Greek for “measuring people”. But counting heads is only a small part of what de
16、mographers do. They also attempt to calculate the growth rate of a population and to assess the impact of such things as the marriage rate and life expectancy, the sex ratio, the age structure on human behavior and the structure of society. They are interested in the distribution of population and i
17、n movements of people. Put another way, demographers study the effects of such numbers on social trends.Demographers use a number of standard measures in translating a localitys raw totals- births, deaths, the number of those moving in and out- into general statistics that allow them to identify tre
18、nds. The birthrate is the number of births per 1000 people in a given years. Suppose there were 900 births in a city of 50000 in a specific year. Demographers calculate the birthrate for the city by dividing the number of births (900) by the population (50000) and multiplying the result (0.018) by 1
19、000 to get 18. The birthrate in developed countries is 1.6; in less developed countries it is 4.0. The death rate is the number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year. The fertility rate is the number of live births per 1000 women of the world. As mentioned earlier, population and population grow
20、th rates are highest in developing nations and lower in Western nations. These rates are also complicated by mass movements of refugees to and from certain countries. By 1994 the population of refugees was over 23 million, up from about 10 million refugees worldwide in 1983. Mass movements of people
21、 into and out of Afghanistan, Somalia and Mozambique have contributed to this sharp increase. Famine and political upheaval are usually behind these mass exoduses. Unit 5ListeningTask 1 1) culture identity 2) ethnic identity3) cultural group 4) ethnic group2.1) Culture identity embodies standards of
22、 behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. It also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured.2) Ethnic identity refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a countr
23、y or culture.3) Cultural group refers to a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from generation to generation.4) Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and
24、norms that are also transmitted from generation to generation.DictationOnes cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people. It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values,
25、 and attitudes are transmitted to the younger generation. Cultural identity also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured. Examples of the vast array of cultural identities in the United States include Anglo American, Italian American, Afric
26、an American, and Asian American to name just a fewScript: Ones cultural identity is an important aspect of being human. Cultural identity evolves from the shared beliefs, values, and attitudes of a group of people. It embodies standards of behavior and the ways in which beliefs, values, and attitude
27、s are transmitted to the younger generation. Cultural identity also entails the ways in which kinship relationships and marital and sexual relationships are structured. Examples of the vast array of cultural identities in the United States include Anglo American, Italian American, African American,
28、and Asian American to name just a few.Cultural identity transcends ethnic identity, or ethnicity, which refers to the geographic origin of a minority group within a country or culture. Whereas many people learn about their specific ethnic identities from their parents, many more children are born wi
29、th parents from several ethnic groups. As this increases in the United States, more young people are unclear about their ethnic identity and are simply calling themselves American.A cultural group is a set of people who embrace core beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms and transmit them from genera
30、tion to generation. Most cultures contain subgroups called co-cultures, distinct cultural of social groups living within the lesbians. An Ethnic group is a set of people who are embedded within a larger cultural group or society and who share beliefs, behaviors, values, and norms that are also trans
31、mitted from generation to generation. Ethnicity plays a major role in determining what we eat and how we work, relate, celebrate holidays and rituals, and feel about life and death an illness. Unit 6ListeningKeys to textbook tasksTask 1 1.1) blogger: someones online record of the websites he or she
32、visits.2) Web logger: one-person Internet blabbermouths who pop off to anyone who will listen2.1). TV has coped well with technological change2). almost 37 hours a week watching television3). people are constantly messaging and tweeting about them, and discussing them on Facebook.4). more than two m
33、illion in America last year5). more than 600 today6). paying for greater television choiceScript: Task 1Internet journalism has been greatly influenced by the so-called “bloggers”. In the strict sense, a blogger is someones online record of the websites he or she visits. Blogger is a contraction of
34、“Web logger”. Web loggers have been called one-person Internet blabbermouths who pop off to anyone who will listen. They criticize each other but some of the best take on, sometimes unfairly, the big newspapers and networks. They provide a kind of instant feedback loop for media corporations. Some e
35、quate them with the more lively editorial pages of earlier times. Web loggers are having an important impact on the “old media” as well as on public opinion over salient political and social issues. Task 2Newspapers are dying; the music industry is still yelping about iTunes; book publishers think t
36、hey are next. Yet one bit of old media seems to be doing rather well. In the final quarter of 2009 the average American spent almost 37 hours a week watching television. Earlier this year 116 million of them saw the Super Bowl- a record for a single programme. Far from being cowed by new media, TV i
37、s colonizing it. Shows like “American Idol” and “Britains Got Talent” draw huge audiences partly because people are constantly messaging and tweeting about them, and discussing them on Facebook.Advertising wobbled during the recession, shaking the free-to-air broadcasters that depend on it. But cabl
38、e and satellite TV breezed through. Pay-television subscriptions grew by more than two million in America last year. The explosive growth of cable and satellite TV in India explains how that country has gone from two channels in the early 1990s to more than 600 today. Pay-TV bosses scarcely acknowle
39、dge the existence of viewers who do not subscribe to multichannel TV, talking only of people who have “yet to choose” a provider. This is not merely bluster. As our special report this week explains, once people start paying for greater television choice, they rarely stop. Unit 7ListeningTask 11) pu
40、ts a barrier up2) just the connection3) quite unreliable4) could break at any momentTask 2FFTFTScript: Interviewer: Todays “big story” is the Information Society. Well focus on some of the issues and, of course, the language behind the topic. “Information and communications technology”, the “informa
41、tion society”, the “digital divide”- these terms have become buzz words in the modern world. But what do they all mean?Interviewee: This is a way of looking how society has changed. If we look back to a hundred years ago, we were talking about the Industrial Revolution- countries becoming economic p
42、owers, developing their businesses through the use of machines. Now the emphasis has shifted to information, and technology is a tool by which people can gain that information- be it through computers, on the Internet, or maybe over a mobile phone. And thats what we are talking abut here: using tech
43、nology as a tool to get access to information, to find out whats happening in the world.Interviewer: And why is this such an important area? Why does it feature in the list of World Service Big Stories, do you think?Interviewee: Say you are a farmer in Senegal, and you want to find out what the pric
44、e is for the mangos or the pineapples that youre growing. When you come to sell them to the trader, you dont know what the price of that pineapple is in the capital. You have to take, at face value, what youre offered for it. But say you had a mobile phone, and that on that mobile phone, you could f
45、ind out what the price of pineapples was in the capital, that would put you in a much stronger position when it came to selling your goods, and you would get a much better price for your crops. That would make a very big difference to how much money you earned every month. Interviewer: So lets say w
46、ere talking about telephones and computers as youve suggested, what do we mean when we say theres a “digital divide”?Interviewee: this all comes down to having access to information- being able to find information about crop prices, about the latest research, even news about whats happening in your
47、country or in your part of the world easily. In industrialized countries its all around us. Apart from newspapers and radio stations, we now have the Internet, or you can even get this sort of information on your mobile phone. The problem for developing countries is that they dont have access to tha
48、t information.Interviewer: Success in the modern world depends on having access to up-to-date information- whether for business, farming, education, healthcare- for every aspect of life. And in this so-called “information society”, theres a digital divided between the haves and the have-nots- those
49、who are able to access information and those who arent. But the ability to access information depends on more than just having the right technological equipment.Interviewee: there are several big problems wen it comes to the internet access. One of the big ones is that a lot of the material on the Internet is in English, and that instantly puts a barrier up to a lot of people in the world because they have to speak at least some English to understand the information there. The other thing is just the connection. To connect to the Internet,
