1、河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,学术论文摘要,河北医科大学外语教学部 医学英语教研室 阎伟静,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,摘要长度,非结构式摘要不超过150词，结构式摘要不超过250词。-国际生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,1. 350词 -JAMA2. 250词 -美国医学杂志 (American Journal of Medical Sciences)3. 275词 -内科学年鉴 Annuals of Internal Medicine，AIM,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,定义,论文摘要是对论文或者文献所做的扼要摘述，它以精练的字句向读者介绍论文
2、的主要内容，一般置于论文、科研报告或文献综述的正文之前，是对整个论文主要内容的概括和总结。文摘一般包括目的、材料和方法、结果和结论四个部分。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,特点,独立性和自含性1. 不阅读全稿就能获得主要信息，也帮助读者决定有无必要阅读全文。 2. 国际学术交流重要写作文体 3. 获取信息主要途径 4. 增加论文被检索和引用的机会,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,种类,按格式可分为：非结构式摘要结构式摘要,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,按性质可分为： 提示性摘要（indicative abstract）、 报道性摘要(informative abstract)、 报道
3、/提示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract)、 结构式摘要(structured abstract),河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,指示性摘要 (indicative abstract),即说明性摘要或论点摘要， 三两句话概括论文的要点，包括研究目的、方法 不涉及具体数据、结果、结论等综述、述评、会议报告,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,心得宁引起的胸膜纤维化 我们报道两例患者服用心得宁后继发胸膜纤维化。 Pleural Fibrosis After Practolol Therapy We describe two patients who devel
4、oped pleural fibrosis after treatment with practolol.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,2.报道/指示性摘要 (informative-indicative abstract),以报道性文摘的形式表达论文中信息价值较高的内容，以指示性文摘的形式略述其余部分。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,恶性淋巴瘤伴有明显的嗜伊红细胞增多症一名60岁患低分化淋巴细胞型淋巴瘤的黑人，淋巴结呈全身性肿大，嗜伊红细胞明显增多。对嗜伊红细胞进行的大量研究发现，其形态与机能均属正常范围。患者经过皮质素治疗后，肿大的淋巴结消失，周围血细胞计数恢复到正常范围。但仅维
5、持了数月，原来的临床症状又复发。旋即开始全身性化疗。但疗效短暂。患者病情急转直下，最后死亡。本文综述了嗜伊红细胞增多症的发病机制和嗜伊红细胞功能研究的最新进展，并讨论了淋巴瘤与嗜伊红细胞增多症的关系。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,Malignant Lymphoma Associated With Marked EosinophiliaA 60-year-old black man with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma presented with generalized lymphadenopthy and marked eos
6、inophilia. Extensive evaluation of the eosinophils revealed them to be normal morphologically and functionally. The patient responded to corticosteroid therapy with resolution of the lymphadenopathy and reversion of the peripheral blood counts to normal limits. Recurrence of the original clinical pi
7、cture within months prompted institution of systemic chemotherapy. Response was transient, and the patient expired after an unremitting downhill course. Recent advances in our knowledge of mechanisms of eosinophilia and eosinophil function are reviewed. The relationship of lymphoma to eosinophilia i
8、s discussed.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,3. 报道性摘要 (informative abstract),即资料性摘要内容比较具体，一般要列举关键数据。(大多数医学论文的摘要为报道性摘要,为传统型摘要),河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,一般包括（并非全部保罗以下部分） 1 简介(Brief Introduction)：介绍研究背景(Background)、目的(Objective/Purpose/Aim)或解题性说明(Explanation)。 2 研究的过程与结果(Procedure and Result of the Research) 3 结论(Conclusion)
9、 4 对未来的展望(Future Prospects),河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,分类,结构式 全结构式半结构式非结构式,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,全结构式,近年来英美医学期刊出现一种新的结构式摘要，如：英国医学杂志(British Medical Journal, BMJ)、美国医学协会杂志(The Journal of the American Medical Association, JAMA)等.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,内容包括： 背景(context/background) 目的(objective) 设计(design) 范围(地点)(setting)
10、对象(patients/subjects/participants/samples) 处理（治疗）方法(interventions) 主要观察指标(main outcome measures) 结果(results) 结论(conclusions) 有时可根据情况删除12项，或合并数项，但结果和结论时重点。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,Context Experiments show that dental caries rates are higher among leadexposed animals, but this association has not been establ
11、ished in humans. Objective To examine the relationship between blood lead levels and dental caries. Design Cross-sectional survey conducted from 1988 to 1994 that included a dental examination and venipuncture blood lead assay. Setting and Participants A total of 24,901 persons aged 2 years old and
12、older who participated in the Third National Health and Mutrition Examination Survey, which assessed the health and nutritional status of children and adults in the United States. Main Outcome Measures For children aged 2 to 11 years, the sum of decayed and filled deciduous or primary surfaces; for
13、persons aged 6 years and older, the sum of decayed and filled permanent surfaces; for those 12 years and older, the sum of decayed, missing, and filled surfaces.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,Results The log of blood lead level was significantly associated with the number of affected surfaces for both deciduous
14、and permanent teeth in all age groups, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, diet, and dental care. Among children aged 5 to 17 years, a 0.24 mol/L（5 g/dL) change in blood lead level was associated with an elevated risk of dental caries (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval,
15、 1.3-2.5). Differences in blood lead level explained some of the differences in caries prevalence in different income levels and regions of the US. We estimated the population attributable risk of lead exposure to be 13.5 % and 9.6% of dental caries occuring in 5 to 17-year-old children exposed to t
16、he high and moderate levels, respectively. Conclusions Environmental lead exposure is associated with an increased prevalence of dental caries in the US population. Findings may help explain the distribution of caries by income and region of the US.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,背景：实验表明接触铅的动物龋齿发生率较高，但对人的影响尚未得到证实
17、。 目的：研究血铅水平与龋齿的关系。 设计：1988-1994年进行了抽样调查，包括牙齿检查和静脉血铅检测。 范围与对象：参加第3次全国健康与营养调查的，年龄在2岁以上的儿童共有24 904例。该调查对美国儿童和成人的健康将及营业状况进行了评估。 主要观察指标：年龄211儿童，龋齿与乳牙修补总数；6岁以上儿童，龋齿与恒牙修补总数，12岁以上儿童，龋齿、缺失与补牙总数。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,结果：各年龄组的血铅水平均与乳牙或恒牙表明受损显著相关，即使在调查社会人口统计学特点、调整饮食和牙齿护理后，情况依然如此。在517的儿童中，血铅水平有0.24 mol/L（5 g/dL) 的改变
18、，便增加龋齿的危险性（区分比度，1.8; 95%可信区间，1.32.5)。在某种程度上，血铅水平的差异说明美国居民龋齿发生率与收入水平和地区不同有关。据估计，与铅接触的人口可能站人口总数的13.5%，而517岁发生龋齿的儿童中有9.6% 可能有高度或中度的铅接触史。 结论：环境性铅接触与美国居民龋齿发生率增多相关。这些研究结果可能有助于解释美国居民龋齿分布是由于收入和地区差异所致。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,非结构式,一段式摘要不加小标题，不分段250词以内,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,(1)只叙述研究过程与结果,只写研究的过程与所得到的结果。比较客观不加作者评论,河北医科大学外
19、语部 阎伟静 制作,(1)只叙述研究过程与结果,Low-dosage Clonidine in Menopausal Flushing In an open evaluation of low-dose clonidine therapy in 20 patients with symptoms of menopausal flushing，12 of 17 patients who completed the 12-week trial noted an improvement in their condition; this improvement was marked in eight
20、patients. The greatest improvement was noted in the perimenopausal group of women whose dose requirement was 25g. three times a day. Postmenopausal women tended to be more refractory to the therapy and required larger doses for the relief of symptoms.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,小剂量可乐定治疗绝经妇女面部潮红症 我们用小剂量可乐定治疗20
21、例绝经妇女面部潮红症，并对其疗效进行公开评价。在完成为期12周治疗试验的17名妇女中，有 12例症状改善，其中8例显著好转。绝经期妇女组效果最佳，其 剂量为:每日三次，每次25阅。绝经后的妇女疗效较差，往往需 要用大剂量才能使症状缓解。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,(2)只叙述作者的结论,不写研究过程与结果，只写作者的结论与看法直截了当、引人注目,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,Alcohol Use ， Myocardial Infarction， Sudden Cardiac Death and Hypertension Studying coronary risk factors
22、，this article concludes that: regular use of alcohol may protect against major coronary events; regular use of three or more drinks daily is probable risk factors for hypertension，the relations of alcohol use to coronary disease，hypertension and cardiomyopathy are disparate（全异的）.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,饮酒
23、，心肌梗死，心原性猝死与高血压 我们对冠心病的有害因素进行了研究，结论是:经常饮酒可防 止冠心病严重发作;每天饮酒三次以上，可能是产生高血压的危险 因素;饮酒对冠心病、高血压及心肌病的影响并不相同。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,(3)研究目的、过程、结果加作者结论,在摘要中先写研究过程与结果，最后写作者的结论最常见的一种摘要格式,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,Malignant Hypertension and Cigarette SmokingThe smoking habit of 48 patients with malignant hypertension was compa
24、red with those of 92 patients with non-malignant hypertension. Thirty-three of the patients with malignant and 34 of the patients with non-malignant hypertension were smokers when first diagnosed. This difference was significant, and remained so when only men or black and white patients were conside
25、red separately. Results suggest that malignant hypertension is yet another disease related to cigarette smoking.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,(3)研究目的、过程、结果加作者结论,恶性高血压与吸烟 将48例恶性高血压患者与92例非恶性高血压患者作了吸烟习惯的对比研究。初诊时就已吸烟的恶性高血压患者有33例，非恶性者34例，两者之间有明显差异。即使对男性患者进行比较，或将白人或黑人分别进行比较，这种差异也仍然显著。本研究表明：恶性高血压是一种与吸烟有关的疾病。（这篇摘要共4句。第
26、一句是叙述作者在研究过程中做了什么，第二、三句是叙述研究过程中所发现的结果，这三句都用过去时表达，第四句是作者结论，用现在时表达。）,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,结构式摘要 （structured abstract）,根据国际生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求（温哥华格式），此类摘要包括： 目的(objective/purpose/aim)、 方法(methods)、 结果(results) 结论(conclusion)四部分。,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,在移植骨上延期种植的实验研究 张国志 张国权,【摘要】目的：论证冷冻自体下颌骨复合髂骨移植后延期种植的可行性。方法：16只成年雄性杂交
27、狗，制备下颌骨双侧缺损，左侧行冷冻自体下颌骨骨块的原位再植并结合髂骨松质骨移植，即复合移植组（composite transplantation group, CTG), 右侧缺损行自体髂骨块移植即髂骨移植组（iliac transplantation group, ICG），术后3个月分别在两类骨块上置入IMZ TPS种植体，种植体植入后3、6、9、12周分别处死四只动物取材，采用数字化X线片对种植体与颌骨结合界面进行灰度定量分析，组织血观察种植体-骨结合情况。结果：各期种植体周围均未见吸收性骨质密度减低影像。骨-种植体界面灰度定量分析显示，种植体植入两类移植骨3、6、9周时，其界面骨质密度
28、改变差别明显，复合移植组明显优于髂骨移植组；种植体植入12周时，两组界面骨质已无明显差别，两类移植骨均与种植骨有良好的骨结合，其骨愈合方式基本相同。结论：冷冻自体下颌骨复合移植修复下颌骨缺损并延期植入牙种植体，二者可形成良好的骨结合。 【关键词】下颌骨；骨移植；牙种植,骨内；骨结合,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,Experimental study of delayed implantation on bone grafts,ZHANG Guo-zhi*, ZHANG Guo-quan. Stomatology center, Shenzhen Peoples Hospital, Guan
29、gdong 518020, China Corresponding author: ZHANG Guo-zhi, Email: , Tel: 0086-755-25639874,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,【Abstract】Objective To explore the feasibility of transplantation of frozen autogenous mandible with delayed implantation. Methods Operations were performed to create two defects in the bilatera
30、l mandible of 16 dogs. The left defect was grafted by composite transplantation of frozen autogenous mandible (immersed in -196 C liquid nitrogen) with fresh cancellous ilium (composite transplantation group, CTG). The right defect was grafted by fresh ilium (iliac transplantation group, ICG). Three
31、 months after transplantation one IMZ TPS dental implant was placed into the graft of each side. At 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks postoperatively, 4 animals were sacrificed respectively and the grafts with dental implant were harvested for gross observation, X-Ray examination and histological evaluation to comp
32、are peri-implant bone healing between composite transplantation group and iliac transplantation group.,河北医科大学外语部 阎伟静 制作,Results There was no absorbing bone density reducing image of peri-implant at each stage. The quantified X-Ray gray extent displayed obvious variation of interfacial bone density b
33、etween two kinds of grafts at 3 weeks, 6weeks and 9weeks after implantation. The composite transplantation group obviously surpassed the iliac transplantation group. At 12 weeks after the implantation, there was no significant difference between the implants and the two kinds of grafts. The healing style of peri-implant bone was similar. Conclusions Good osseointegration is performed between the implant and the composite transplantation of frozen autogenous mandible following delayed implantation.【Key words】 Mandible；Bone transplantation; Dental implantation, Endosseous; Synostosis,
