1、P14Integrity 正直：Accountants have a responsibility to report favourable as well as unfavourable information and to refrain from taking actions which undermine an organizations legitimate and ethical objectives. Integrity implies that accountants should not take unfair advantage of information and sho
2、uld act in the interests not only of their clients but of other indirect users.accountant should also disassociate themselves from any attempts to disclose misleading information. 会计人员有责任报告优惠以及不利的信息,避免采取行动,破坏组织的合法和道德目标。正直意味着会计人员不应该采取不公平的优势的信息和应该采取的利益不仅他们的客户但是其他间接用户。会计也应该从任何试图撇清关系披露误导信息。Confidentiali
3、ty 保密：Accountant have a duty to refrain from disclosing confidential information unless legally obligated to do so. the work of the accountant regularly involves dealing with confidential files about the personal and business affairs of their clients. decision made on information provided by account
4、ant can materially affect the lives of clients and others ,often referred to as third parties ,which include employee ,creditor ,investor ,supplies ,customer ,government ,and the general public . 会计有义务避免披露机密信息,除非法律义务这么做。会计的工作经常需要处理机密文件的个人和商业事务的客户。决定会计提供的信息可以在实质上影响客户的生活和其他人,通常被称为第三方,其中包括员工、债权人、投资者、供应
5、、客户、政府和公众。Competence 专业性：Accountant have a duty of to perform their professional duties according to high standard and to ensure that they stay current with changes in the profession . users of accounting information may not have accounting expertise . Thus ,member of the accounting profession enjoy
6、 a position of power . to be worthy of user conference ,accountant must not abuse this power and must act according to a high ethical standard . accountant have abuse ethical obligationto maintain both technical competence and moral competence . 会计有责任履行专业职责根据高的标准,以确保他们保持对最新行业的变化。会计信息的使用者可能没有会计专业知识。因
7、此,会计职业的成员享受掌权的位置。是值得用户会议,会计师必须不滥用这种力量,必须按照较高的道德标准。会计伦理责任去维护都有滥用技术能力和道德能力。Objectivity 客观性：Accountant must fully disclose all relevant information that assist users to understand financial report . business ,government ,and the public at large depend on the accounting profession to provide fair financ
8、ial reporting and business advisory service . accountant ,therefore ,and obligated to provide information that is objective so that users can rely on its accuracy when making investment and credit decision .会计师必须充分披露所有相关信息,帮助使用者理解财务报告。商业、政府和公众在大型取决于会计行业提供公平的财务报告和商业咨询服务。会计,因此,有义务提供信息,是客观的,这样用户可以依靠其准确
9、性当作出投资和信贷决策。P129:When credit customers do not pay their debts，this bad debt becomes an expense for the business. according to the matching principle ,expenses must be recorded in the period in which they are incurred and must be properly matched with the related revenue. bad debt expense should be r
10、ecorded in the period during which the revenue is recorded. 当信贷客户不支付他们的债务,这坏债务成为一个费用的业务。根据匹配原则,费用必须记录在时间与自身发生的,必须与收入相关的合理匹配。坏帐费用应该计入收入的期间被记录。To reduce the risk of bad debts ,each customers credit worthiness is evaluated base on ：为了减少坏账的风险,每个客户的信用评估的基础上discussion with the companys management 讨论与公司的管理
11、a review of its financial statement 回顾其财务报表enquire with other creditor 询问与其他债权人a review of credit report issued by company who provide credit-rating service 回顾公司出具信用报告提供信用评级服务When a business sell to credit customer ,it does not know how much bad debt in well incur . an estimated must be made to dete
12、rmine the value of the receivable _the amount at is likely collectible . Two methods of performing this valuation are (1) the allowance method ,and (2)the direct write-off method . 当一个业务卖给信贷客户,它不知道多少不良债务的产生。估计必须确定应收的价值在可能收藏量特别鲜明收藏。两种方法执行此估值(1)备抵法 ,(2)直接冲销法。P157In a consignment agreement ,the owner o
13、f goods (the consignor )transfer goods to a retailer (the consignee ). The consignee will sell the goods on the owner s behalf but does not hold title to the goods . Therefore ,the consignor include these goods in inventory rather than the consignee . When preparing or using financial statement ,man
14、ager must be sure that consigned inventory has been treated in the appropriate manner . Misclassifying it would misstate the inventory balance ,current assets ,cost of goods sold ,gross profit ,and net income . Inventories should be recognized when :(a ) It is probable that future economic benefits
15、associated with the inventories will flow to the enterprise ;and (b) The cost of the inventories can be measured reliably. 在寄售协议,货物的所有者(托运人 )转移货物零售商(收货人)。收货人将出售货物的所有者的利益但不拥有货物所有权。因此,委托方包括这些货物库存而不是收货人。当准备或使用财务报表,经理必须确保委托库存已经以适当的方式处理。misclassifying 会谎报库存资产、流动资产、销售货物的成本,毛利和净利。库存应该承认当:(一)很可能是未来经济利益相关的库存
16、将流向企业;(b)库存的成本能够可靠地计量P256First ,all liabilities eventually mature -that is ,they come due . owners equity doesnt mature . the date on which a liabilities come due are called the maturity date . 首先,所有负债最终成熟的也就是说,他们到期。所有者权益不成熟。一个负债的日期到期被称为“到期日。Second ,the provider of borrowed capital are creditor of t
17、he business ,not owner . as creditor ,they have financial claim against the business but usually do not have the right to control business operation . 第二,供应商是债权人借入资本的业务,而不是所有者。作为债权人,他们财务索赔业务,但通常不会有权控制业务操作。Third ,the claims of creditor have legal priority over the claim of owner . if a business cease
18、s operation and liquidate creditor must be paid in full before any distribution are made to the owner . 第三,债权人的索赔有法律优先于索赔的所有者。如果一个企业停止操作并清算债权必须全额偿还之前任何分布对所有者。Capital expenditure 资本支出Considered as asset because they relate to cost which provide benefit to the equity over one or more accounting period
19、 of acquisition . 视为资产,因为它们与成本效益提供股本超过一个或多个会计期间的收购。recorded in appropriate non -current asset account 记录在适当的非流式资产帐户allocated through depreciation ，amortization 分配通过折旧,摊销revenue expenditure 收入支出provides immediate benefit rather than long-term one 提供了直接的利益,而不是长期的一个recorded in appropriate expense accou
20、nt for the current period 记录在适当的费用帐户当前周期matched against the revenue of the period in which they are incurred 与收入相匹配的时期,他们正在发生Situations that would normally lead to a lease being classified as financing lease: 情况下,通常会导致一个租赁被归类为融资租赁:the ownership of the property will be transfered to the lessee at the
21、 end of the lease term 财产所有权将交付给承租人在租赁期内的结束the lessee has the bargain purchase option(lower than the fair value) 承租人有廉价收购选项(低于公允价值 )the lease covers a major part of the assets economic life ( 75%) 租赁涵盖的主要部分,资产的经济生活(75%)the present value of minimum lease payments (MLPs) represents substantially the fair value of the asset ( 90%) 的现值最低租赁付款额(mlp)代表实质上该资产组的公允价值(90%)
