1、一、 早期和中世纪的英国文学 Geoffrey Chaucer ii1. 简介：Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder of English poetry and a forerunner of humanism. He was regarded as the founder of English realism. 代表作：Troilus and Criseyde特洛伊斯洛与克瑞西达( 改变于意大利 )；The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集（包括：“The Prologue” 总序 ；“The Wife of Bath”巴斯妇人 ） 。 The Can
2、terbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集的影响：It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucers time. (之所以说乔叟是 The founder of realism，是因为早期英国文学歌颂英雄(Anglo-Saxon poetry)，中期英国文学歌颂骑士精神 (The Romance)，之后虽然有了 piers the plowman,也不曾直接写社会不公，直到乔叟真实描写中世纪及各层人民。) Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes t
3、he dogma of asceticism preached by the Church. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church.2. 语言特色/贡献：He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, es
4、pecially the Heroic couplet to English poetry. He is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style.二、 英国文艺复兴 Thomas More ii1. 简介：Thomas More is an English humanism churchman. 代表作：Utopia乌托邦 。2. 评价：More dared to fight against the feudalism ruler and he was a humanist. But, he was no re
5、volutionary in the sense of wishing to arouse the people or to start any revolutionary movement. The system of bondsmen suggested to solve the problem of social productivity still remains the features of class exploitation. He could never find the means by which socialism could be realized. Francis
6、Bacon1. 简介：He is the founder of English materialist philosophy, the first English essayist and the founder of English Modern Science. He is the one who introduced essay, the literary form, to England. 代表作： Advancement of Learning学问的演进 ；New Instrument新工具 ；The Essays随笔 （58 篇） “Of Studies”论学习 ；“Of Beau
7、ty”论美 ；“Of Wisdom for a Mans Self”论自私 。 “Of Studies”论学习：Its message is conveyed with sweeping effect and overwhelming power, which lie in the unity of the message and the consistence of forceful argumentations. 内容：The text focuses on one controlling idea“studies serve for delight, for ornament, and
8、for ability.” “Of Beauty”论美：Unlike many of his contemporaries, Bacon makes full use of so meager a vocabulary to explicate his great theme: the criterion of beauty. He makes a conclusion that only the beauty of virtue can “shine” eternally, beyond time and space.2. 主题/技法：Bacons essay writing is clas
9、sified into Classic Essay. The classic essay is as comprehensive in subject matters and styles as in all classic literature. In subjects, the classic essay deals with a variety of themes: philosophy, literary criticism, arts, politics, history, social problems, travels and other aspects of life. In
10、style, Bacon is weight and highly sententious. Many of his sentences have become wise old sayings. Edmund Spenser1. 简介：Edmund Spenser was recognized as the “Poets poet”. 代表作：The Shepherds Calendar牧羊人日历 ；Epithalamion结婚曲 ；Amoritti爱情小唱 ；The Faerie Queene仙后 。 The Spenserian Stanza: It refers to a nine-l
11、ine-stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter which is called an alexandrine. The Faerie Queene仙后：A long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only six. It is set in the mythical w
12、orld of King Arthur and his knights. theme: Nationalism, Humanism and Puritanism.2. 地位：The publication of The Shepherds Calendar marked the budding of the Renaissance flower in the northern island of England(Ireland). The language had changed into Modern English distinguished from the Middle English
13、 of Chaucers day. Spenser is the first master to make that language the natural music of his poetic effusions. He invented the Spenserian stanza, which became a popular verse form in the historical development of English poetry. Christopher Marlowe ii1. 简介：Christopher Marlowe was the most preeminent
14、 figure among the “university wits”, as well as the greatest playwright before the rise of Shakespeare. 代表作：Tamburlaine帖木儿大帝( 对权力的贪婪)；The Jew of Malta马耳他的犹太人(对金钱的贪欲)；Doctor Faustus 浮士德博士 。 Doctor Faustus浮士德博士：The play deals with themes including sin, redemption, and damnation. The chief feature of F
15、austuss character is an insatiable thirst for knowledge. The tragedy of Doctor Faustus is characteristic of a humanist in the age of Renaissance.2. 社会意义：Marlowes plays show the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. The heroes of his plays are typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of ca
16、pital. The theme of Marlowes plays is the praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law. However, the heroes in Marlowes plays are merely individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to themselves.3. 文学成就：Marlowe was the g
17、reatest of the pioneers of English drama. He reformed the English drama and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. He first made blank verse the principal instrument of English drama. Although his plays lack of variety in characterization and construction, he was famous for his “mighty
18、line”. William Shakespeare1. 简介：Shakespeare is the most remarkable playwright and poet all over the world. 戏剧分期： 1590-1594 初期，实验各种戏剧类型。早期人物塑造不够丰满，历史精确性不够，以诗剧为主要形式却无法摆脱押韵诗的死板僵硬。Henry VI亨利六世 ；Richard III理查德三世 ；The Comedy of Errors错中错 ；The Taming of the Shrew驯悍记 ；Loves Labours Lost爱的徒劳 ；Romeo and Julie
19、t罗密欧与朱丽叶 。 1595-1600 成熟期，史剧、十四行诗都很成熟。总体上积极向上但已有了些许苦痛，人物成熟饱满，史料丰富，采用马洛的无韵诗写法。Richard II理查德二世 ；Henry IV亨利四世 ；Henry V亨利五世 ；The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们 ；Julius Caesar朱利尤斯凯撒 ；伟大喜剧“Great Comedies”A Midsummer Nights Dream仲夏夜之梦 ，The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 ；As You Like it皆大欢喜 ；Twelfth Night第十二夜 。 1601
20、-1607 伟大悲剧时期，由于社会剧变，作品悲观。 Alls Well That Ends Well终成眷属 ；Measure for Measure一报还一报 ；Antony and Cleopatra安东尼和克里奥佩特拉 ；伟大悲剧“Great Tragedies”Hamlet哈姆莱特 ；Othello奥赛罗 ；King Lear李尔王 ；Macbeth麦克白 。 传奇剧时代。Cymbeline辛白林 ；The Winters Tale冬天的童话 ；The Tempest暴风雨 ；Henry VIII亨利八世 。 诗歌：Venus and Adonis维纳斯和阿多尼斯 ；The Rape
21、of Lucrece鲁克丽丝受辱记 ；Sonnets十四行诗集 。 Ben Jonson1. 简介：Ben Jonson was one of the leading dramatists of the Renaissance period. 代表作：Every Man in His Humour个性互异 ；Volpone, or the Fox福尔蓬奈 （或狐狸） ；The Alchemist炼金术士 ；Bartholomew Fair 巴梭罗缪市集 。2. 作品特点： Jonsons comedies are “comedies of humours”. His portrayal of
22、characters is one-sided, flat, and lacking development instead of being round and flexible. Jonson took a firm stand for the “three unities” (time, place and action) and strongly disapproved of a mixture of serious and comic episodes in a play. He advocates a truthful and realistic description of li
23、fe and people. He was a forerunner of classicism in English literature.三、 英国资产阶级革命时期 John Milton1. 简介：John Milton is the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare. 早期写诗歌，中期写宣传册，晚期写史诗。代表作：“Lycidas”利西达斯 （悼亡诗） ；“On his Deceased Wife”致亡妻 ；Areopagirica论出版自由 ；Defence of the English People为
24、英国人民辩护 （查理二世雇人写文章讨伐英国人民，因为当年他们支持处死查理一世，米尔顿写此文为英国人民辩护。 ） ；Paradise Lost失乐园 ；Paradise Regained复乐园 ； Samson Agonistes力士参孙 。 Paradise Lost失乐园 : 概况：Paradise lost, consisting of 12 books, naturally divides into three equal parts of four books each. The stories were taken from the Old Testament and written
25、 in blank verse. In this work Milton tried to answer the old question challenging all Christians, namely: if God is all-good and all-powerful, why is there so much suffering and evil in this world? 主题：There are three striking aspects of his intention can be felt in this epic: his faith in God, his i
26、nclination for classicism, and his yearning for reformation and freedom. 人物： Satan, though defeated, still sought revenge, is the most striking character in the poem. Though feebler in force, he remains superior in nobility, since he prefers independence to happy servility. Satan is the spirit of qu
27、estioning the authority of God. In the poem God is no better than a selfish despot, seated upon a throne with a chorus of angels about him eternally singing his praises. However, we can never take it for granted that Milton is attacking God. The God Milton cursed was, in fact, not the Christian Prov
28、idence but a mere symbol for anything he believed to be bad or immoral. Adam and Eve embody Miltons belief in the powers of man.2. 贡献/技法： Milton was political in both his life and his art. He wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns
29、of English verse. He is a master of the blank verse. He first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. He is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style. (a). His style is characterized with the epic elements in it. (b). He always inverse the word order. (c). His writing is circumlocution (累赘的陈
30、述 ). (d). His use of immensely long sentences and the epanalepsis (语句间隔反复) He has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.四、 十八世纪英国文学(思想启蒙时期) Alexander Pope1. 简介：Alexander Pope was known as representative of the Enlightenment. He is one of the first to introduce ra
31、tionalism into England. He believed in the necessity of universal education, especially that of social morality, classic culture and scientific knowledge. He also assumed the role of champion of traditional civilization. (为什么说他是启蒙运动的代表)。 代表作：Essay on Criticism论批评( 用英雄双韵体作 )；The Rape of the Lock卷发遇劫记
32、 ；The Dunciad群愚史记 ；Essay on Man人论 （启蒙主义重要的作品） 。2. 成就/局限性： Pope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century. He usually writes in the form of heroic couplets. His style is direct and compact. He was at his best in satire a
33、nd epigram. Almost all his works are satires. He is good at saying brilliant and true things in a sparkling way. But he lacked the lyrical gift. Daniel Defoe（赏析） ii1. Desert Island Fiction：is a form of fiction in which a remote and uncivilized island is used as the venue of the story and action. Usu
34、ally it can be placed right outside the “real” world and may be an image of the ideal, unspoiled or primitive existence, for it is often presented as an example of inner goodness, bravery, dignity and nobility, or adolescent innocence and purity uncorrupted by the evil force in civilization.2. 写作技巧：
35、Defoe wrote in a plain factual, almost documentary style without elaborate, romantic extravagances and encouraged the development of realistic fiction. His vocabulary is colloquial, uncoloured and free-running, but firm and concrete. The first-person narration is vivid, authentic and impressive with
36、 unadorned realism. Defoe creates, with no sigh of deliberate intent, the realistic fictionthe dominant literary form for the following centuries.3. 内容：Here Defoe describes how the hero, after years of solitude and hardships, managed to construct for himself a habitable and even prosperous settlemen
37、t by his unaided effort.殖民主义表现：Actually Crusoe did more than mere survival, for he established a plantation, opened up a colony, and created even a civilization in the wilderness. 人物精神：Defoe presents here in Crusoe a heroic image of the bourgeois man, a man who is daring, persistent, resourceful and
38、 ambitious, adventurous, enterprising as well; a man who richly represents the spirit of capitalism. 赞颂了：The adventure romance becomes an optimistic song of humanity, singing of mans ability to survive, his courage to struggle against nature, his ambition to conquer new land. Henry Fielding1. 简介：Hen
39、ry Fielding is the founder of the English realistic school in literature with Samuel Richardson. 代表作：Joseph Andrews约瑟夫安德鲁 ；Jonathan Wild大伟人乔纳森魏尔德 ；Tom Jones汤姆琼斯 。2. 特点：Fielding is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. Fieldings way in tell
40、ing the story of a novel is the story may be told by the author. Fieldings way of satire is to slash the evils of the corrupt ruling classes as in Jonathan Wild. Jonathan Swift1. 简介：Jonathan Swift was an Irish satirist, essayist, poet and political pamphleteer. 代表作：The Battle of the Books书战 ；A Tale
41、of a Tub一个木桶的故事 ；Bickerstaff Almanac比克斯塔辅历书 ；Gullivers Travels格列夫游记 ；The Drapiers Letters一个麻布商的来信 ；A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议 。2. 风格：Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of
42、a style.” He is a master satirist and his irony is deadly. William Blake（前浪漫主义诗人）1. 简介：William Blake is a British poet, painter and engraver. 代表作：Songs of Innocence天真之歌 ；Songs of Experience经验之歌 ；The Marriage of Heaven and Hell天堂与地狱的婚姻 。2. 地位：The whole temper of Blakes genius was essentially opposed
43、to the classical tradition of that age. His lyric poetry displays the characteristics of the romantic spirit. Blakes revolutionary passion came near that of Shelly.五、 英国浪漫主义时期 浪漫主义时期的主要特点：1. 时间： At the turn of the18th and 19th centuries, romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature.
44、It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.2. The Romantic Period is one of poetical revival. It is a period of poetry. Emotion, imagination and intuition of humankind are what the romanticists emphasize in their works. The general feature of the works of t
45、he romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. They pay more attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature plays an important role in their works. William Wordsworth （湖畔诗人，消极浪漫主义诗人，早期浪漫主义诗人）1. 简介：The representative of the passive Romantic poets, who expressed the d
46、eepest aspirations of English Romanticism. He has innovated the traditional form of ballad. He and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集 in 1798. The preface to the Lyrical Ballads: (诗歌创作原则) Wordsworth based his own poetical principle on the premise that “all good poetry is the sponta
47、neous overflow of powerful feeling”. He appealed to individual sensation as the foundation in the creation and appreciation of poetry. Poetry “takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility”. 诗歌要用普通人的语言写普通生活中的普通事。2. 代表作：“To the Cuckoo”致杜鹃 ；“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”我如行云独自游 ；“She Dwelt
48、among the Untrodden Ways”独自幽居 （Lucy Poems 中的一首） ；“I Travelled among Unknown Men”我曾在海外的异乡漫游 。3. 写作手法/特色：simplicity and purity of his language; His theme is “back to nature” which is originated from his dissatisfaction with the social reality under capitalism; Nearly all of his good poetry was written during the first decade of his literary career. Samuel Taylor Coleridge1. 简介：Samuel Taylor Coleridge was the first critic of the Romantic school. 代表作：“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”古舟子咏 ；“Kubla Khan”忽必烈汗 ；Biographia Literaria, or Sketches of My Literary Life and Opinions文学传记或我的文学生
