1、英美文学重点总结第一部份 英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学 Old and Medieval English literature 上古： 450 to 1066 中世纪 ;1066-14 世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular one Beowulf: national epic poemChaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English
2、 alliterative verse. The father of English poetry English HomerIn the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stories of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章 文艺复兴时期 the Renaissance Period 14th and mid-17th centuriesHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Golden AgeIt start
3、ed in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the Faith Bible in English ancient Roman and Greekculture class struggle Petrarch poetry and poetic drama Elizabethan drama Famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson1 埃德蒙 斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser1552-1599“Our sweetest songs are those that
4、sing of saddest feelings”仙后the theme: Fierce warres and faithfull loves allegory Redcross knight and Una.The poets poet 12virtues 12books Arthur GlorianaThe five main qualities of spensers poetryare:1 a perfect melody 2 a rare sense of beauty 3a splendid imagination 4a lofty moral purity and serious
5、ness 5a dedicated idealism and use strange forms of speech and obsolete words.2 克里斯托夫 马洛 Christopher Marlowe1564-1593Six plays black verse: the principal medium of English drama Renaissance hero the pioneer of English drama “University Wits”ambitious and pitiless Tarter conqueror浮士德博士的悲剧 German lege
6、nd confinement to timeThe theme of Dr.Faustus:A :it celebrates the human passion for knowledge power and happiness B: it also reveals mans frustration in realizing the high aspirations in a hostile moral orderC:and the confinement to time is the cruelest fact of mans condition.the most beautiful lyr
7、ics in English literature.3 威廉 莎士比亚 William Shakespeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets1591-1611was in the prime of his dramatic career.38plays 戏剧 154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems 叙事诗 Stratford-on-Avon“University wits” “an upstart crow” Sonnet18 : meditation eternal beauty origin:Italy“to be,or
8、not to be-that is the question”against Christians /Jews.Two narrative poems Tragedies: Six comedies: Romantic tragicomedies: Romantic tragedy tragedy but optimistic 乐观 spirit.Writing feature:1 a play in the play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads r
9、unning through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words)2literary devices(alliterateion 头韵，simile 明喻，metaphor 暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortalize beauty throu
10、gh verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship4 弗兰西斯 培根 Francis Bacon 1561-1626Philosopher, scientist , essayist “knowledge is power” Essays 论说文集或随笔“founder of modern science in England”is a great tract on education. is the most popular of Bacons 58 essays. “studies serve for delight,for ornament,an
11、d for ability.” “some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.”The theme of the of studies:it analyzes what studies chiefly serve for,the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human character.新工
12、具A:It is a successful treatise written in latin on methodology.B:the argument is for the use of inductive method of reasoning in scientific study.C:bacon first expounds the four great false conceivings that beset mens ming and prevent them from seeking the truth.D:Bacon suggests the inductive reason
13、ing 归纳推理法 (proceeding from the particular to the general)Aristotelian method,the deductive reasoning 演绎推理法 (preceeding from the general to the particular.)E:by putting forwardd this theory,bacon,as a humanist intellect,shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenge
14、s the medieval scholasticists.Knowledge divides into two kinds: Devine Revelation and the working of human mindMans understanding consists of three parts:A history to mans memory B poetry to imagination and creation C philosophy to mans reasonBacons essays are famous for their brevity , compactness,
15、 and powerfulness.Montaigne 蒙田（法国文艺复兴思想家散文家）is the predecessor of Bacon.5 约翰 邓恩 John Donne 1572-1631 A merchant family.He was famed as a Preacher 传教士, lyric poet, a great visitor of ladies, a gteat frequenter of plays, a great writer of conceited verses syllogism 三段论“metaphysical poetry” he is the l
16、eading figure of the “metaphysical school”.Donnes great prose works are his sermons,which are both rich and imaginative.Donnes poetry involves a kind of argument ,in rigid syllogistic form.love is the basic theme.Feature: artificial 人工 witty conceit 灰谐 obscure 含糊不清 6 约翰 弥尔顿 John Milton 1608-1674A Ca
17、tholic family 天主教 Latin blind .失乐园 masterpiece. a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 books ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for mercy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgracefull than this downfall.the most powerfull dr
18、amatic poem on the Greek model.Three group: A the early poetic works B the middle prose pamphlets C the last great poems The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed.第二章 新古典主义时期 the Neoclassical Period 1660-1798(18th century)人社会动物 industrial revolution 工业革命 the Restoration Gothic Novel:1
19、 content: magic, supernaturall elements, ghosts, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dard forest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenment movement（the age of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive intellectuall 进步知道份子 movement which flourished in France and swept the whole western Europe at the time. I
20、ts purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 当代哲学和艺术思想 The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science,理性平等科学 and they also advocated universal education.全民普及教育1 约翰 班杨 John Bunyan 1628-168818 年坐牢，Christianity 基督教”the v
21、anity fair” is the most successful religious allegory 宗教寓言in the English language.Metaphor 暗喻-life as a journey search for spiritual salvation Style: Moded after the Bible, language:e asy to read,colloquial, concrete and concise form: allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.2 亚历山大 蒲柏 Alexander Pope
22、1688-1744The first to introduce rationalism 理性主义 to England.论批评didactic/sermon poem written in heroic couplets.句子理解：On fruit trees,where leaves are plentiful,fruit will be few. Similarly,in a piece of writing,where too many fine words are used ,good sense will be much reduced.The theme of this poem:
23、Pope advises the critics not to stresss too much the artificeial use of Conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True Wit which is best set in a plain style.夺发记 satirized the foolish,meaningless life of the lords and the ladies.His best satiric work is 群愚史诗3 丹尼尔 笛福
24、Daniel defoe 1660-1731butchers family 卖肉家庭 English middle class masterpiece, Robinson is the empire builder,the pioneer colonist.The theme:A mans strugglees against nature B glorifyication of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determineation to improve his livelihood
25、. C glorifyication of labor(Robinson lives on his own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe was a very good story-teller.he had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible 可信 and fascinating 神奇 .his sentences are sometimes short,crisp 短小干脆 and plain,and sometimes l
26、ong and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.his language is smooth,easy,colloquial 口语 and mostly vernacular 方言 .there is nothing artificeial in his language: it is common English at its best.4 乔纳森 斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 1667-1745the greatest satiric work a greatest and
27、bitterest satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire 5 亨利 菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family. 老贵族家庭 “father of the English novel” “the third-person narration”第三人称叙述“prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style of classic epic.”classic epic”ha
28、s:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses C give a list of names of gods D compare small fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language to narrate a small fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony 讽刺,hyperbole 夸张费尔丁的语言特色：Fieldings language is easy, unlaboured and familiar,自然流畅通俗易懂but extremely vivid and vi
29、gorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic 逻辑性 and rhythm,韵律性 and his structure carefully planed towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively,dramatic dialogues 戏剧性对话 and other theatrical devices such as suspendse,悬念 coincidence 巧合 and unexpectedness.出人意料6 塞缪尔 约翰逊 S
30、umuel Johnson 1709-1784A booksellers familyHe is a poet,dramatist,prose romancer,biographer,essayist,critic,lexicographyer and publicist.Lexicographer 词典编纂者 a dictionary of the English language 英文大词典致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信，七年Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century.Johnsons
31、style is typically neoclassical,but it is at the opposite extreme from Swifts simplicity 简单 or Addisons neatenss 整洁.his language is characteristically general 笼统,often Latinate 拉丁语 and frequently polysyllabic.多音节 his sentences are long and well structured,interwoven 混杂交织 with parallet 排比对仗 words and
32、 phrases.however,no matter how complex his sentences are,the thought is always clearly expressed;and though he tends to use “learned words.”书面化的文字 they are always accurately 准确 used.reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.博学的人7 理查德 比 谢立丹 Richard B
33、rinsley sheridan 1751-1816The only dramatist 戏剧家 of the 18th century.The leading figure among a host of playwrights.剧作家Morality 道德 is the constant theme in his plays.造谣学校 comedy 主角：”surface” “sneerwell” “Backbite” “Candour”情敌 the heroine Lydia comes from an upper-class familyLydia is a sentimental g
34、irl.8 托马斯 格雷 Thomas Gray 1716-1771Sentimental poetry 伤感主义诗歌 the Graveyard School写在教堂墓地的挽歌 八年 plow man 农夫 simple life The theme of this poem ,he reflects on death,the sorrows of life,and the mysteryes of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.忧郁第三章 浪漫主义时期 the Romantic Period is an age of
35、poetry. 1798-1832人的孤单状态Passive , old and conservative :“lake poets” William Words worth Robert Southey Samuel Taylor ColeridgeActive , young and revolutionary: Byron Shelly Keats 1 威廉 布莱克 William Blake 1757-1827幻觉，据说小时候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。An engraver 雕刻家“fearful symmetry”可怕的匀称 suggest the harmony
36、 of the two opposite aspects of Gods creation.Childhood is central to Blakes concern in and The chimney sweeper.天堂与地狱的结合marks his entry into maturity.成熟2 威廉 华兹华斯 William Wordsworth 1770-1850Poet Laureate“桂冠诗人” ，lake poets 湖畔诗人， “大自然的膜拜者”Poet Laureate 特点：孤独 自由 自然His short poems Subject:poems about na
37、ture 自然 and poems about human life.人类生活simile 明喻 “inward eye”means human soulThe poet expresses his love for the daffodils.水仙花3 塞 泰 科勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-1834神祗诗 demonic 与对话诗 conversational 乌托邦 utopian “pantisocracy”空想“Conversational”poems 对话诗 ：子夜寒霜夜莺古航海家之歌 Demonic group 神祗诗:mysticism an
38、d strong imagination 神秘和想像古航海家之歌 sailor克丽斯特贝尔忽必烈汗 was composed in a dream arter Coleridge took the opium.抒情歌谣集 文学传记4 乔治 戈登 拜伦 George Gordon Byron 1788-1824贵族家庭，很反对政治暴政，注重个人悲欢，个人英雄主义， “自由冠军” “人民诗圣”“Byronic hero”:1A proud,mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2A Byronic hero would carry on his shoul
39、ders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society,and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government,in religion,or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3the conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals again
40、st outworn social systems and conventions.4 the figure is ,to some extent ,modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself.唐璜 is byrons masterpiece ,a great comic epic 讽刺史诗 of the early 19th century.希腊岛卢德工人之歌恰尔德，哈罗德游记 ，最早的长篇叙事诗该隐岛审判的幻景5 波 比 雪莱 Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822与拜伦相比更进步一点，政治，经济的不公平，
41、重视集体力量。自由。西风颂Shelly eulogyized the powerful west wing and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.four-act poetic6 约翰 济慈 John Keats 1795-1821积极派，只为艺术，真就是美，美就是真。济慈诗歌的特点：Keats poetry is always sensuous 舒服, colorful and rich in imagery 比喻,which expresses the acuteness of
42、 his senses. Sight,sound,scent,taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience. He has the power of entering the feelings of others either human or animal.The odes 颂诗希腊古瓷颂忧郁颂夜莺颂普赛克颂秋日颂希波里恩7 简 奥斯汀 Jane Austen 1775-1817匿名发表 anonymouslyThe major theme: Love and marri
43、age concern about human beings in their personal relationships. 个人生活及人际关系 Realistic writer 从她往下是写小说的，上面的是写诗的 处女作理智与情感傲慢与偏见 =第一印象 ：Elizabeth 伊丽莎白Darcy 达西 Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed,snobbish 势力 and vulgar 粗俗 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich,handsome
44、young men.伊莉莎白的性格：A：Elizabeth is clever , alert, observant. She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizeing the characters of Bingleys sisters. She recognizes Mr.Collinscharacter in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and with dignity his patronizing proposal. She
45、is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam,earning their respect and admiration.B:Fearless and frank ,not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh ,she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed. She is independent but not infallible
46、 in her judgmenttaken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham. She cannot be blamed for misjudgeing Darcy.C: She shows flexibility, discernment,and honesty of mind when she reads Darcys defense in his letter and admits the justice of much of what h says. Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against
47、 him.爱玛第四章 维多利亚时期 the Victorian Period 1836-1901 现实主义 realistic 工业革命Chartist movement (1836-1848)宪章运动“art for arts sakeVictorian literature diversity.文学多样化Darwins 1 查尔斯 狄更斯 Charles Dickens批判现实主义作家 he is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.作品特点：he is a master Story-telle
48、r.withhis first sentence,he engages the readers attentionand holds it to the end.his works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.小说的第一名就吸引读者，悲情大师，幽默与哀伤交汇Child characters :oliver twist 奥利弗，特维斯物,little nell 小奈尔,david copperfield 大卫科波菲尔,little dorrit 小多利特.雾都孤儿“let it not be supposed
49、by the enemies of the system that during the period of his solitary incarcerateon. Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the adventages of religious consolation.”A:The sentence is a typical,example of irony.反语 What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentences literal meaning.B:for the “benefit” of exercise, Oliver was whipped 鞭打 every morning in a stone yard, for the “pleasure“of society, he was carried every other day into the dining ha
