1、1托福阅读I. 要求学生在作业要求之外每天一篇阅读练习，长期坚持。II. 分析选项改写的思路III. 考试时间策略BASIC SKILLS:SKIMMINGSCANNINGINFERENCEQUICK RESPONDINGENIMILATINGOPERATING PCUnderstanding facts and details F illuminate-light; heterogeneous-varied; proliferation-growth; superseded-replaced 2构词法：440 题; 官方核心词汇 400；近义词总结归纳“正负向”分析，前缀归类最终只是解题线索
2、，辅助手段b. 70%是基本含义，可以直接选；但是 30%要依赖语境；所以保险的策略 Cc. 语境优先原则： 把单词带回文章，自己给出一个最接近的近义词；然后用自己的理解词对应选项；绝对不要先看选项，很可能“先入为主” ，掉进陷阱；即使自己对 5 个单词绝对有把握也一定要带回原文验证。d. 原文语境很可能有一个词语对应正确选项，这取决于文章逻辑呼应的思路， 例如： 正确答案很可能是我们不熟悉的第二第三义项Context clues:BEA supernova is a.ORThe inclination or tilt of the earth.A skyscraper, or buildin
3、g more than twenty stories high,.APPOSITIVEThermal power stations are designed to pass as much energy as possible from the fuel to the turbines, machines whose blades are turned by the movement of the steam.Adjective clause or phraseThe sun crosses the equator twice a year at the equinoxes，when day
4、and nights are nearly equal in lengthPrescribed fire，ignited by forest rangers under controlled conditions to restore balance in the forest，is a safe way to mimic natural fire conditionsThe radiating surface of the sun is called the photosphere，and just above it is the chromosphere，which is visible
5、to the naked eye only during total solar eclipses，appearing then to be a pinkishviolet layerLIST or SERIESBecause of their similar teeth，seals and walruses are believed to have evolved from the same ancestral groups as the weasels，badgers，and other mustelidsIf someone is said to have“a chip on his s
6、houlder,”he is angry, pugnacious，sullen ，and looking for troubleEXAMPLEFor example, for instance, like, such as Several personnel managers complain about the lag of business colleges in eliminating obsolete skillsFor instance，shorthand is still taught in many secretarial programs although it is rare
7、ly usedIntangible assets，such as a companys recognized name and its goodwill，are neither physical nor financial in natureCONTRAST3alternatively different instead rather but however nevertheless unlikeconversely in contrast on the contrary whereas despite in spite of on the other hand whileFor exampl
8、e1.Twilight rays are nearly parallel，but because of the observers perspective，they appear to diverge2.Songbirds are early risers and remain active throughout the day, except during the warmest hours in summerOwls ，on the 0theF hand，are primarily nocturnal Unlike sun pillars，which are caused by refle
9、ction of light，arcs and haloes are caused by refraction of light through ice crystals标点符号；并列 ：- ，_ ，双逗号之间, ( ), 解释 ExampleCrepuscular rays-alternating bright and dark rays in the skyappear to radiate from the sunVirtually every community college now offers contract education：short-term programs，rang
10、ing from a few hours to several days, for employees of specific companies, which pays a share of the cost.Folate supplementation before and during pregnancy can prevent certain defects of the brain and spine，such as anacephaly (absence of a major part of the brain)e. KEY WORDS - clue for new wordsAc
11、cessories add interest to a roomThey can accent or highlight an area and give a room, beauty and personalityLight output，measured in lumens，depends on the amount of electricity used by a bulbf. 排除法g. “相同全舍”原则h. 相对概念，文中一般有对应表达Abu Hureyra was founded about 9500B.C., a small village settlement of cramp
12、ed pit dwellings (houses dug partially in the soil) with reed roofs supported by wooden uprights.Q6 The word “cramped” in the passage is closest in meaning to primitive secure extended confined作业：TPO18-24 里面的单词题遇到生词，老是“卡壳”1. 不要纠结，实在不认识，先跳过， 不重要不看-科技型词汇2. 如果特别重要，结合前后单词理解3. 理解到哪类事物，正负态度即可句子改写题-recogni
13、zing paraphrases2. 长难句以及句子改写题A. 出题理念 : 快速抓住关键信息，理顺逻辑关系4B. 表达特征：paraphrasing with synonyms, sentence structure, synonyms clues, pronoun cluesOriginal SentenceCulture consists of the language,values，norms，and artifacts that define and unite a societyThese can be spread from one society to another thro
14、ugh culture contactParaphrase Contact with other cultures is a way of spreading language，values，norms ，and artifactsOriginal SentenceIn l 889an Austrian Physicist named Ernst Mach created a system of numbers for measuringsupersonic”speedsThis is why, when a plane travels at a speed faster than the s
15、peed of sound,its speed is referred to as Mach lParaphraseA plane moving faster than the speed of sound has a speed of Mach 1，after the inventor of the numbering systemC. 长难句思路和练习题（自己的资料）D. 该题型思路总结：A) 只看本句B) 语法结构分析阅读法C) 长句分层次，短句找主干，D) 抓住关键信息点E) 使用符号图解法： A B CF) 重视标点符号，： （）G) 理清关键信息之间的逻辑关系，例如因果，列举，转折
16、，递进等, 关注关联词和从句标志H) 正确选项：原文关键信息不能省略掉，但可以概括；信息点之间的逻辑关系必须与原文一致；I) 近义词替代J) 错误选项：忽略关键信息；关键信息错误(F)；关键信息原文未提及（NG）K) 适当运用排除法，尤其针对原文又长又乱的题目L) 细节信息可以省略If the water table intersects the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, either to be collected there or to subsequently flow far
17、ther along a drainage.Where the water table meets the land surface, groundwater flows out through surface springs.M) E. 内容及作业：自己的资料TPO18-24 里面的句子改写题3. 事实细节题A. 题目问道文章中的一个细节，事实：真实发生-正在发生、已经发生、正确、有时是一个支持细节细节：比较具体的信息，例如事例，原因，统计数字，一段描写，一副插图5表达形式：B. USEFUL SKILLS:SKIMMINGSCANNINGSCROLLINGC. TRANSITIONSD.
18、PARAPHRASING- 分析选项改写的思路改写方法 例子同义词 As a meteorological term, “eye” describes a circular region at the center of a severe wind storm. As a meteorological concept “eye” refers to a round area in the middle of an extreme wind disturbance.语态 主动/被动In the eye of a hurricane, you may experience light, varia
19、ble winds.In the eye of a hurricane, light, variable winds may be experienced.词形或句子结构Because this area is so small and irregular, it is difficult to observe.People have difficulty observing this small and irregular area.短语/分词结构However, the eye of a hurricane and the eye of a tornado differ in variou
20、s ways based on size and speed.However, they of a hurricane and the eye of a tornado differ in various ways based on how big they are and how fast they go.P: Tony asked Rose to go shopping Q: Tony was asked to go shopping E. WRONG ANSWER CHOICESRight but not answering questionsFALSEINACURATENGF. PRO
21、CEDURE: SPI in Q-CHOICE STUDY-LOCATING-JUDGING 过度副词（first, second, then, at last, to start with, to kick off, for starters, initially, additionally, to add, on top of that, in the end, to sum up, to wrap up）However, but, whereas, rather than, instead, On the other handAs a result of / result in / fr
22、om, accordingly, this gives rise to Again, without a doubtIn addition, similarlyObviously, on the whole, thereforeA. Clues:语境：it is very likely thatThere are great chances that前后都要衔接：during these periods, 9句子之间的不可分性承上启下：but the evidence of past organic life is not limited to petrification.Coherence
23、-purpose of writingTwo reasons for government regulation of industry stand outFirst ，economists have traditionally stressed the importance of containing market powerA second reason, deriving from publicchoice theories, is that the regulators are captured by the regulatedPurpose to list the causes of
24、 government administrationGood managers adjust plans when necessaryFlexible plans allow for several contingenciesContingencies are events that might affect what you plan to do，but rarely are out of your controlFor example，rain is a contingency that might affect the success of an outdoor event，so pla
25、ns for an outdoor event should include a“rain plan.”“Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the middle classes.”“An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher subjects actions as result of the social
26、environment under which the experiment was carried out.”But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons, the use of glass as art, a tradition going back at least to Roman times, is also booming.”“but not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-moder
27、n. Consider the simple light bulb;traditional /conventional”“Despite the extensive coverage in the popular media of the destruction of rain-forests, little formal information is available about ”B. Pronoun cluesEvery society has a favorite imagined figure that is seen in the surface markings of the
28、full moonIn Asia and Europe，it is commonly a hare，while North Americans see the “man in the moon ”Because she was essentially a realist，Willa Cather made human nature the subject of her novelsMany of her characters were based on real people that she knew and lovedThe brain of a computer is its centr
29、al processing unitIn the case of a microcomputer, this is a chip called the microprocessor，which is connected to the other units by groups of wiresDriving while intoxicated is illegalHowever, this is not the only reason to avoid drinking and drivingThree common herbs are effective remedies for a sor
30、e throat：angelica，sage，and vervain. All，are available in health food stores10Only two elements are liquids at normal temperaturesOne is mercury and the other is bromineThe bassoon and the oboe are members of the woodwind family. The former is a low-pitched double-reed instrument that can produce hig
31、h and delicate legato sounds，as well as low and loud staccato notesC. Transition cluesHowever, but, whereas, rather than, instead (of), not onlybut also, A as well as b, Akira Kurosawas masterful works burst on the international film scene in the 1 950s with the sound of fireworks and epic battlesIn
32、 contrast，the quiet dignity and unobtrusive techniques of Satyajit Rays films also placed him among the worlds great directors并列且对比，决定语序of course, a lake may be neithernor， nevertheless, still the same, all the same, still (Im afraid hes crazy. Still, hes harmless )D. Answer choicesA) 相邻语句逻辑性被打乱B) 指
33、代混乱C) 过渡词无法正确表意Addition Contrast Example/ illustrateCause / Result explain compare limitalso although for example as a result At this point both certainlyanother however for instance because In fact like indeed0ther in contrast including consequently how similarly Most importantlyfirst，second.instea
34、d one example is hence In this case Equally importantclearlymoreover Rather than such as therefore The same In facttoo While / whereasto illustrate thus Similar to surelyfurthermore rather One reason is finally conversely Due to Not only.but alsonevertheless sinceAs well as unlike accordinglyOn the
35、contrary consequentlyIn contrast otherwiseOn the other hand11E. Eg. TPO28-(2)Early Saharan pastoralistsThis knowledge enables the hunters to adopt a different approach to hunting.Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved. Instead of foll
36、owing the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the herd from moving from one spot to another. At first, they controlled the movement of the herd while ensuring continuance of their meat diet. But soon they also gained genetic control of the animals, which led to rapid phys
37、ical changes in the herd. South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside. Reference answer 1This knowledge enables the hunters to adop
38、t a different approach to hunting.A BSmith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey A behaved. Instead of following the cattle on their annual migrations, the hunters began to prevent the Bherd from moving from one spot to another. TPO28-(3) Buck Rub
39、s and Buck ScrapesThis process can take a few hours to several days.A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by stripping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obviou
40、s visual signal to us and presumably to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in th
41、e forests of the mid-eastern United States. Reference answerThis process can take a few hours to several days.A BA conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by stripping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antle
42、rs. When completed, the buck A B12rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumably to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red m
43、aples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States. 8. 总结题-summarizing文章首尾句，主题句必看所给的全文总结句, 全文结构的概念，具体题目加深印象托福常考文章结构特征：根据关键词回忆对应段落利用常识，只要不与文章相悖即可主题性信息，细节性信息（数字，地点，人名，机构名称）怀疑之后要回文章去验证正确选项：归纳一段主题-主题句也可能归纳两段以上错误选项：细节次要观点，包含段落中NGF千万不能只看某一细节或某一单词就选择极端词汇排除法最后没有时间，瞎
44、蒙内容及作业：TPO18-24 里面的对应题型9. 填表题-classifying information文章结构：先背景，然后清晰分两部分，很少较交叉对比对比或对照类文章确定对比的事物或对比点相对应的结论正确答案多为主要观点或重要的支持信息多个信息点列举: 特征，原因，结果，解决方案干扰项：矛盾，NG, 共性的？多选多，两个多余项反向暗示：sleep-rib cage -wakefulness-rib cage定位词- 往往是比较点 /关键点归类TPO ONLINE TEST-OPPORTUNISTS AND COMETITORSTPO12-P3-Water in the DesertTPO
45、14- maya water problems; TPO 16-P3-planets in our solar systemTPO 24-P2-breathing during sleep13TPO 26-P2-survival of plants and animals in desert conditionsTPO 29-P2-the pace of evolutionary change内容及作业：TPO18-24 里面的对应题型10. Recognizing organization表达方式汇总：The organization of passage can best be descr
46、ibed asTPO21-3What is the organizational structure of paragraph 3? TPO22-1Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage? TPO23-2Which of the following best indicates the organization of the passage? TPO23-3How is paragraph 2 related to paragraph 3? TPO25-3结构类型：11. 套题策略文章结构原则有目的阅读原则得分优先原则背景知识储备原则分类词语构架原则9. 干扰选项的类型以及考生的常见错误1) 混淆行为和状态2) 未提及3) 直接矛盾4) 多重信息部分正确5) 多重信息的逻辑关系与原文不符6)10. 正确选项的出题理念1) 同义词改写2) 正话反说3) 语言结构拆分或组合4) 主动被动互换5)11. 1.
