1、 句子简化题专项练习简单1. OG-1 The Origins of CetaceansThe structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highligh
2、ted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.（请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence
3、of its missing fluke.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.本句主干：The structure of the backbone shows本句逻辑：本句话翻译： 脊椎的构造表明，她
4、可以像现在鲸类一样上下移动身体尾部，尽管他没有尾巴2. OG-2 Desert FormationParagraph 10: The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.Which of the sentences below best
5、 expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land an
6、d great numbers of people. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved i
7、n the effort. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected. 本句主干：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected本句逻辑：本句话翻译：沙漠化的极端严重性，受到大片的土地和大量的人的影响，以及很困难去扭转或者减缓这一
8、过程3. OG-5 Artisans and IndustrializationApprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Which of the sentences below best expresses the es
9、sential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.The responsibilities of the mast
10、er to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.本句主干：Apprentices were considered par
11、t of the family本句逻辑：本句话翻译：学徒通常被认为是家庭的一部分，师傅的责任不仅仅是教他们手艺还为他们提供教育和监督他们的品行道德4. OG-6 Swimming MachinesParagraph 7: One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essent
12、ial information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming. The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from
13、 slowing down. The streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing. Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes. 本句主干：opening the mouth to breathe本句逻辑：本句话翻译：一个潜在的问题是张开嘴呼吸会破坏鱼的流线型和减缓速度5. TPO 01 3 Timberline Vegetation on MountainsWind velocity also increases with
14、 altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.Which of the sentences below best express the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? In correct choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential
15、 information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Because of their deformed shapes at high altitudes, trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.As altitude increases, the velocity of winds increase, leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high a
16、ltitudes.The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind velocity, which increases with altitude, can cause serious hardship for trees.Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees, and this may cause serious stress for trees.本句主干：Wind velocity also increases wi
17、th altitude本句逻辑：本句话翻译：风速也随着高度的增加而增加，可能会引起树木的严重的压力，在高海拔地区的变形的形状是很明显的。6. OG-3 Early CinemaHe refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.（请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Edison was m
18、ore interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it
19、limited the number of machines he could sell.Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.本句主干：He refused to develop projection technology本句逻辑：本句话翻译：他拒绝生产投影仪，原因是如果他制造然后销售产品了，参展商只会购买一台而不是几个7. OG-4 AggressionFor example, people wh
20、o believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.Which of the sentences below
21、 best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe th
22、at they are fighting an unjust war do not.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.People who
23、believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act aggressively during wartime.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：8. OG-T1-1 Nineteenth-Century Politics in the United StatesThe Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, wh
24、ereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essent
25、ial information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively.The semisubsistence farming areas dom
26、inated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs control of the market economy.The Democrats power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：9. TPO 01 1 GroundwaterIf the pores are large, the w
27、ater in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.Which of the sen
28、tences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but
29、 it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as hea
30、vy drops or as a thin film.If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：10. OG-T1-3 Geology and LandscapeParagraph 2: Hills and mountains are often regarded
31、as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change th
32、e meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.Hills
33、and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：11. OG T2-2 Loie FullerAlthough her early theatrical career had included stints as an actress
34、, she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in
35、 important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Fuller was more interested in dances visual impact than in its narrative or emotional possibilities. Fuller used visual effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work.Fuller believed that the drama of her da
36、ncing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.Fullers focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：12. TPO 01 2 The Origins of TheaterFor example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their well-b
37、eing and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the hig
38、hlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）A societys rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.The artistic quality of a myth was
39、sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.Myths sometimes survived in a societys tradition because of their artistic qualities ev
40、en after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：13. TPO 03 1 ArchitectureParagraph 3: In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have chan
41、ged little since people first discovered themeven while building materials have changed dramatically. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential inform
42、ation. （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出）Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.When people fi
43、rst started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：14. TP
44、O 06 1 Powering the Industrial RevolutionOnly running water was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage: streams flowed where nature intended them to
45、, and water-driven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave
46、 out essential information （请写出错误选项错在哪里并在选项中标出） Running water was the best power source for factories since it could keep machines operating continuously, but since it was abundant only in Lancashire and Scotland, most mills and factories that were located elsewhere could not be water driven. The di
47、sadvantage of using waterpower is that streams do not necessarily flow in places that are the most suitable for factories, which explains why so many water-powered grain and textile mills were located in undesirable places. Since machines could be operated continuously only where running water was a
48、bundant, grain and textile mills, as well as other factories, tended to be located only in Lancashire and Scotland. Running water was the only source of power that was suitable for the continuous operation of machines, but to make use of it, factories had to be located where the water was, regardles
49、s of whether such locations made sense otherwise.本句主干：本句逻辑：本句话翻译：15. Costs of Quitting a JobIndustries with high concentrations of employment in urban areas, where a workers change of employer does not necessarily require investing in a change of residence, appear to have higher rates of job turnover than industries concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas do. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or lea
