1、 湖北省高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文题目：简析呼啸山庄中爱情悲剧的必然性准考证号：学生姓名：王青翠指导老师：刘军平武汉大学外语学院制2009 年 10 月Brief Analysis Love Tragedies Inevitability on Wuthering HeightsWang QingcuiTutor: Liu JunpingOctober 2009论文摘要呼啸山庄才华洋溢的女作家艾米莉勃朗特唯一的小说，在英国十九世纪文坛的灿烂星群中放出独特的、闪着异彩的光辉。它被誉为“19 世纪最奇特的小说” 、 “一出灵魂的戏剧” 、 “一个女作家所能写出的最好的散文诗” 。 真正意义上
2、接触呼啸山庄是在英美文学课上，世人都为希斯克利夫与凯瑟琳那种撕心裂肺的爱而震撼。毛姆认为小说中最感人的就是希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳的爱情，他说“我从未读过像呼啸山庄这样把爱情的痛苦、强烈、残酷描写得如此逼真的小说” 。他们的爱在震撼人的同时有给后人留下了更多的思考。爱情从其在人类精神中形成至今，始终带上了浓郁的悲剧色彩。它的悲剧总是滋生于有它所特有的社会根源与时代的局限性，主人公的个性特点、矛盾的心理是推动其发展的动力。他们的悲剧是一种必然性。本文主要揭示其社会根源与时代的局限性对呼啸山庄中的爱情的重大影响，同时考察了男女主人公在行动上、性格上和对待爱情和婚姻的态度及差异。最终指出他们的爱就像荒原上
3、的北风一样，狂野、暴虐、无所阻挡，完全突破了既有的爱情模式，是超越现实的、非人类的爱情，是注定悲剧的。他们的爱情悲剧是社会的悲剧，是时代的悲剧，也是他们自我所造的悲剧。关键词：呼啸山庄； 艾米莉勃朗特； 爱情悲剧AbstractWuthering Heights - the talented English writers only novel. It releases unique, shining and splendid glory in the brilliant literary constellation of the nineteenth century. It is known
4、 as “19th centurys most peculiar novel“, “a soul of drama“ and “a writer could write the best prose poem“. On real significance, its in the Anglo-American literature class that I am familiar with Wuthering Heights. All the people are shocking by this kind piercing love of Heathcliff and Catherine. S
5、omerset Maugham thinks that the most touching thing in Wuthering Heights is the love of Heathcliff and Catherine. And he said he has never read such a realistic novel as Wuthering Heights that puts the pain, strong and cruel description into love. Their love shocks people, at the same time; it also
6、leaves many thoughts to posterity. Love has always been to bring rich colors to the tragedy from its formation of the human spirit. Its tragedy is always there to breed in the characteristic social roots and its limitations of the times, and the heros personality and ambivalence are to promote its d
7、evelopment. Their tragedy is inevitability. In this paper, it will reveal that the social roots and limitations make quite an impact on Wuthering Heights and it will study the heroes differences in action and attitude towards love and marriage. Finally, it will point out that their love is like the
8、north wind on the moors, wild and violent. And the love which is beyond the realistic breaks through the original model .It is doomed to tragedy. The tragedy is the social tragedy, the times tragedy, but also their self-made tragedy. It is inevitability. Key Words: Wuthering Heights; Emily Bronte; L
9、ove Tragedy.Brief Analysis Love Tragedy Inevitability on Wuthering Heights.IntroductionPublished in l847, Emily Brontes masterpiece Wuthering Heights countered with countless unfavorable voices and utterances. For several generations, the Wuthering Heights has been exerting great fascinations over i
10、ts readers. Although Wuthering Heights is her only novel but it certainly proves her genius in rendering captivating description and super passion. It tells a story about love and revenge. In the 19th century, one strange boy named Heathcliff is brought to Wuthering Heights from Liverpool by Mr. Ear
11、nshaw. He lives with Earnshaws son Hindley and daughter Catherine. Hindley hates Heathcliff, while Catherine likes him. After Earnshaw died, Hindley becomes the leader of the family and he regards Heathcliff as servant, so Heathcliff is insulted and ill-treated. However, Catherine and Heathcliff bec
12、ome good friends and love each other gradually. Mr. Edgar the next door often visits Wuthering Heights to pursue Catherine and she also shows love to him, too. When she agrees to marry Edgar, Heathcliff goes away with anger. As time goes on, Heathcliff brings love, jealousy, hatred, and revenge into
13、 the Earnshaws and the Lintons. It does not bring him real comfort to ruin other peoples happiness. Heathcliff is immersed in mental pain and eventually he destroys himself and dies of despondent. In Wuthering Heights, Heathcliff and Catherine revolt Hindleys punishment and run in the wilderness. Th
14、ey are lonely children. On this point, they are identical in spirit and soul. When Catherine betrays Heathcliff and marries to Edgar, they lost echo of souls and thus both of them suffer a great pain. Finally, they had no choice but to death to negate the physical separation, in order to achieve the
15、 soul. Their love is associated with the abnormal and the absurd. Creative background 2.1 Social origin The love tragedy reflects the social background. The society is the source of the love tragedy. As we all know, Emily Bronte lived in Victorian Times for three decades. Those three decades are the
16、 era of unrest society in the United Kingdom. That time, the Industrial Revolution affected all the England, even the whole world: capitalism was developing and increasing exposure to its inherent defects. Followed by a conflict between workers and capitalists, the government had issued a number of
17、laws to protect the interests of the rich, so the gap between rich and poor was growing. The unemployed workers were in poverty and a large number of child labor had been brutally tortured to death. This was followed by the outbreak of the famous “Charter of movement“, and the British Government too
18、k high-pressure on democratic struggle and the labor movement. That time, every Englishmans mind was like going through a hurricane, even in north remote areas, the landowners could no longer be like before that had nothing to suffer. Our writer, Emily Bronte, was born in this era of struggle. 2.2 T
19、he authors sources from herself2.2.1 The authors living environmentEmily lived in a remote desolate Yorkshire. In the west of the house there was an endless moor, covered with heather. There was also a stale churchyard. She was born in a poor family priest. When she was young, her mother died, and h
20、er life was distress. All of the education was mainly from his father. In order to maintain their livelihood, her old sister Charlotte Bronte, her young sister Anne Bronte and she had to be a teacher, which suffered from humiliation, feeling of discrimination and loneliness. This is her literary sou
21、rce of pessimism. 2.2.2 The authors way of lifeThe barren, remote, gloomy and eccentric living environment and the natural silence made Emily isolated. Emily seldom left the gloomy Yorkshire moors that beyond ones imagination. She and her sisters often go to the west of the wilderness to take a walk
22、. But, in addition to the church and to go walking, she almost goes without leaving home. Its an enclosed environment, making her work show rare originality and send out a fresh and natural authenticity of the artistic charm. When she could not restrain a strong emotional, writing became her only ex
23、pression of emotion. It was a long time to get the mind for herself since she begun to seek compensation from creativity and imagination. Its the source of Wuthering Heights. 2.2.3 The authors personalityEmily Bronte was growing up with fathers tough and indifference. She is premature loss of the mo
24、thers affection and protection and should fight back his fathers harsh and cold. Emily has the sense of inferiority, timid and introverted during childhood. She is inept and unwilling to be gregarious. She longs for love, but hasnt love; she desires to be understood, but not to be understood. The wa
25、y of life above-mentioned makes her develop the appearance of calm and the inner of firmness. The closed character makes her become depressed, stubborn, headstrong, sullen, and intolerance. She portrays the character of Heathcliff just like herself. She has invested the whole herself to the Heathcli
26、ff devoting her strong passion, anger and non-violent struggle. We can see that Heathcliff is Emilys self-soul.2.3 SummaryEmily, who owned a very introverted character, lived in an extremely small space and indulged in fantasies temperament that she gradually indulged in the literary imagination of
27、its own constructed world. She suffered from poverty of physical world and helplessness of spiritual world. Loneliness made her the physical and emotional world was full of a sense of extreme disappointment and shattered.In Wuthering Heights, there is no “I”; there is no family schoolmarm and there
28、is no “landlord”. There is “love”; however, it isnt the love between man and woman. Emily is urged by some common views and she put them together in one book from the damaged world.Therefore, Emily desired to express her feeling through the love tragedy of rich and intense fantasy features, and expr
29、essed her strong dissatisfaction with social reality. These just created the conditions for the birth of Wuthering Heights.Tragedys Reason3.1 Direct ReasonThe class difference is the direct cause of the class society, which lead to their love tragedy. Living in that society where was full of the vie
30、w of class differences, Catherine and Heathcliffs tragic fate was inevitable. They were destined to become the victims of class society.Catherine and Heathcliff had to bear the oppressed from the Mansions. Catherine was the daughter of Wuthering Heights, and Heathcliff was a gypsy boy, who was aband
31、oned from his early age. They are in the different status. The class difference is the first Mansions. Catherine failed to break through it. The next Mansion is Hindley. Hindley could do whatever he wanted to do, because Catherine and Heathcliff who were the subordinate status and were in the low le
32、vel. They had no property and no right to choose, therefore, in the fight against the tyranny of Hindley, they were closed to the other. Catherine said, “I am Heathcliff“. However, in the society which full of prejudice and strong sense of class differences, this kind of love was fragile and Catheri
33、ne realized their poor social status and eventually married to Edgar. For Catherine, the only way out was to comply with social values and married to a man who had almost the same status with her. She wanted to be a good wife and a good mother. She and Heathcliffs love was simply not socially accept
34、able. For Heathcliff, in order to raise the status of his own, he continued to climb up and carried out crazy revenge to the Earnshaws and the Lintons, at the same time, he betrayed his own needs and aspirations, destroying his relationship with Catherine. Therefore, we can say that their love is sp
35、lit up by the prevailing prejudices of the bourgeois class. 3.2 Indirect Reason3.2.1 Catherines characterIts no wonder that each hero has its own character flaws and Catherine is not an exception. She is mixed with many characters. “Sometimes she is friendly; sometimes she is violent; sometimes she
36、is gentle; sometimes she is agitated; sometimes she is enthusiastic and sometimes she is wayward “. Her fatal weakness is that she can not resist the elegant Thrushcross Grange lives and her own vanity. In order to satisfy her vanity and access to social rights and economic status, she married to th
37、e small owner of Thrushcross Grange.It was the beginning of this love tragedy.3.2.1.1 LonelinessCatherine, as Old Earnshaws daughter, has never been his fathers favor, and even a servant Joseph can punish her going hungry and hitting her. In Wuthering Heights where is the absence of family warmth an
38、d fatherly situation, she grows up in the solitude of the spiritual world. Low family status makes Catherine inner loneliness. Regardless of all the punishment and intimidation, she can get rid of class bias and stand by Heathcliff stubbornly. Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights was her only confidant.
39、Its said that a lonely soul often confirm their existence by seeking for another lonely soul. Heathcliff and Catherine spew out the amazing love with a very strong possessive. It is just this love with an extremely possessive caused the piercing tragedy.3.2.1.2 Self-RighteousCatherine imagines helpi
40、ng Heathcliff improve his status by marrying to Edgar, so that her brother can not interfere. This is just her personal thoughts. Love is about both sides, this decision should be discussed with the other half. This point is one of the necessary conditions to guarantee that the love is happy. She is
41、 too self-centered .She believes that her decision is made for Heathcliff, and for her love to him. She loves Heathcliff, but also Edgar. Although the latter is only a surface layer of love and admiration, she does not carefully distinguish between the two men. Her self-determination ultimately turn
42、s into a great mistake. It ruins herself with her own hands, and destroys her youth, love, even life. Meanwhile, she ruins Heathcliff who loves her so deep and Edgar is also a sacrifice. She nearly hurts the next generation too. 3.2.1.3 SelfishCatherine seems to always just a wayward child whose lov
43、e is non-rational and unconscious. When Edgar proposed to her, she did not distinguish herself on the Heathcliffs love and admiration for Edgar, and she also immersed in the little girls excitement and wonderful feeling for his proposal. When Mrs. Dean asked about her “Why“, the answer is Edgars “fo
44、ur advantages“: youth, beauty, a large of property, and loving her. She has never thought that Heathcliff also has these advantages, maybe better. He is just without wealth, which is untenable for her. Catherine has been fooled by the illusion and she judged Heathcliff unreasonably until she found H
45、eathcliff was disappeared. She said: “and he will be rich, and I shall like to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood, and I shall be proud of having such a husband”. In order to be the greatest woman of the neighbourhood,she chosed to marry Edgar and abandoned Heathcliff. How selfish she is! Se
46、lf-willed is the internal motive to abandon Heathcliff and marry Edgar. This is one hidden condition of the love tragedy.3.2.1.4 VanityHindley couples satisfied Catherines vanity with fine clothes and courteous flattery. “Why, Cathy, you are quite a beauty! I should scarcely have known you: you look
47、 like a lady now. Isabella Linton is not to be compared with her, is she, Frances”,so she felt embarrassed to be impolite. After five weeks residence among Lintons, Catherine turned to be a lady with invariable courtesy and had the sense to be ashamed of being rude. “In the place where she heard Hea
48、thcliff termed a vulgar young ruffian, and worse than a brute, she took care not to act like him”.They instilled deep-rooted view of class into Catherine and made her will destroy gradually, until Catherine said: “ It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now “.And she is unwilling to be a beggar aft
49、er marrying Heathcliff. Catherine is so superficial that she thinks she will be the greatest lady if she can marry to Edgar. She looks forward to the elegant Thrushcross Grange life and the upper life, so she tried to fulfilled her vanity by marrying to a person she doesnt love really.Although she recognized by a rude awakening “My great miseries in this world have been Heathcliffs miseries, and I watched and felt each from the beginning: my great thought in living is himself. If all else perished, and he remained, I shou
