1、Myers PSYCHOLOGY,Chapter 15 Personality,What is Personality?,Personality an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting basic perspectives Psychoanalytic Humanistic,The Psychoanalytic Perspective,From Freuds theory which proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious motiv
2、ations influence personality,The Psychoanalytic Perspective,Psychoanalysis Freuds theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions,The Psycho
3、analytic Perspective,Free Association in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing,The Psychoanalytic Perspective,Unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, fee
4、lings and memories contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware,Personality Structure,Id contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification,Personalit
5、y Structure,Superego the part of personality that presents internalized ideals provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations,Personality Structure,Ego the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality ope
6、rates on the reality principle, satisfying the ids desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain,Personality Structure,Freuds idea of the minds structure,Personality Development,Psychosexual Stages the childhood stages of development during which the ids pleasure-seeking en
7、ergies focus on distinct erogenous zones Oedipus Complex a boys sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father,Personality Development,Personality Development,Identification the process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developin
8、g superegos Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved,Defense Mechanisms,Defense Mechanisms the egos protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Repression the basic defense mechanism that
9、banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness,Defense Mechanisms,Regression defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated,Defense Mechanisms,Reaction Formation def
10、ense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings,Defense Mechanisms,Projection defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses b
11、y attributing them to others Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for ones actions,Defense Mechanisms,Displacement defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or
12、 less threatening object or person as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet,Assessing the Unconscious,Projective Test a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of ones inner dynamics Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) a proj
13、ective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes,Assessing the Unconscious-TAT,Assessing the Unconscious,Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach seeks
14、to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots,Assessing the Unconscious-Rorschach,Neo-Freudians,Alfred Adler importance of childhood social tension Karen Horney sought to balance Freuds masculine biases Carl Jung emphasized the collective unconscious concept of a
15、 shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species history,Humanistic Perspective,Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln),Humanistic Perspective,Self-Actualization the ultimate psychological need that arises after b
16、asic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved the motivation to fulfill ones potential,Humanistic Perspective,Carl Rogers (1902-1987) focused on growth and fulfillment of individuals genuineness acceptance empathy,Humanistic Perspective,Unconditional Positive Regard an at
17、titude of total acceptance toward another person Self-Concept all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am I?”,Contemporary Research- The Trait Perspective,Trait a characteristic pattern of behavior a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inv
18、entories and peer reports Personality Inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits,The Trait Perspective,Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two pr
19、imary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation,The Trait Perspective,Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appr
20、opriate use) now used for many other screening purposes,The Trait Perspective,Empirically Derived Test a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups such as the MMPI,The Trait Perspective,Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test
21、profile,The Trait Perspective,Social-Cognitive Perspective,Social-Cognitive Perspective views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context Reciprocal Determinism the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors,Social-Cognitive Perspectiv
22、e,Social-Cognitive Perspective,Personal Control our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless External Locus of Control the perception that chance or outside forces beyond ones personal control determine ones fate,Social-Cognitive Perspective,Internal Locus of Control the pe
23、rception that one controls ones own fate Learned Helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events,Social-Cognitive Perspective,Learned Helplessness,Social-Cognitive Perspective,Positive Psychology the scientific study of op
24、timal human functioning aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive,Exploring the Self,Spotlight Effect overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders Self Esteem ones feelings of high or low self-worth Self-Servi
25、ng Bias readiness to perceive oneself favorably,Exploring the Self,Individualism giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Collectivism giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly,Exploring the Self,The Modern Unconscious Mind,Terror-Management Theory Faith in ones worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death,
