1、,六级辅导班,,There is no rule that has no exception.,任何规则都有例外。,,一、写作概述 写作是语言输出的一种重要途径，它既涉及到语言学习者已经习得的词法、句法层面的语言知识，也涉及到在语篇层面上的认知思维活动，因而它能够比较准确客观地反映出学习者综合运用语言水平的高低，也在各类语言测试中成为必不可少的检验学习者语言表达能力的重要方式。语言学习有两个重要途径输入（INPUT）和输出（OUTPUT）。听力和阅读属于输入，学习者处于被动状态，见到什么就学什么、记什么；口语和写作表达属于输出，考生必须变被动为主动，充分调动头脑中已学过并掌握的知识图式，把自己
2、想要表达的思想和情感以话语或文字的方式表达给听者和读者。由输入到输出的转化过程，也正是知识有学习到应用的过程，没有大量的输入，就没有深厚的知识积存，从而也就很难进行自由地输出交流。试想，学习一门语言，不就是图个能够对其灵活运用这样一个目的吗？写作是实现这一目的的重要途径，通过写作，语言知识、社会科学文化知识在学习者身上得到了有机的结合，同时其思维和表达能力也得到了有效的锻炼和提高。学习母语如此，学习任何一门其它外语也概莫能外。从这个意义上来说，提高写作意识和写作能力的重要性是毋容置疑的。,,二、走近英语六级写作 孙子兵法上说：“知己知彼，百战不殆”。要想在写作考试中获得成功，就必须首先了解六级
3、写作和四级写作到底有着怎样的联系和区别？考试大纲对这种题型的要求和评分细则究竟是什么？整体上看，大学英语四、六级考试自1987年开始，至今已走过了整整22个年头，写作作为其中必考的一个题项这么多年里在命题思路、文章体裁和写作方式上一直在不断地推陈出新，但从另一方面来说，即便是在2006年开始实施新四、六级考试大纲之后，这种题型又表现出相对较强的稳定性，这样就便于我们结合多年来四、六级写作考试的真题研究，学习掌握相关的写作理论知识，归纳总结出一些技巧和方法，以期对感兴趣于英语写作的同学起到一定的指导和借鉴作用，提高六级考试相关题型的应试成绩。,,2.1 六级考试大纲对写作的要求,教育部1999年
4、最新六级考试大纲对写作的具体要求是：能在阅读难度与课文相仿 的书面材料时做笔记、回答问题和写出提纲概要，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小 时内写出150词左右的短文、通知或便条，表达意思清楚，无重大语言错误。 评分标准（注：虽然作文按标准分计算已不再是15分为满分，但作文分值仍然占 试卷总分的15%） 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严 重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当 多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分
5、切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别细微错误。( 注: 白卷，与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词难以表达思想的，一律为0分。规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。) 大学英语六级考试作文评分原则一般是就文章的总体印象给分，而不是严格按语言点的错误数量扣分。 此外，大学英语考试委员会从1997年6月起，正式实施了“作文最低分”的规定：作文分大于0分，小于6分，在计算成绩时要在总分中减去6分；如果作文得0分，则最后成绩一律计为59分。,,2.2 六级写作与四级写作的比较,乍一看来，六级考试写作部分的要求与四级相比只是增加了一些字数，但实际上它对于词汇的难度，句子的运用和表达技
6、巧，文章的篇章结构组织等方面都提出了更高的要求，因而评分标准上也有很大的差别。以98年1月真题的两个不同级别的考生样卷为例：（见下页） Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Harmfulness of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 1
7、. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种情况 2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。,,范文一 （四级） 190 wordsThe society has hundreds and thousands of fake commodities. They are almost everywhere. They are in daily life, hospital, supermarkets, and so on.Why do we have these fake commodities? This question has not o
8、nly attracted the interests from the scientists but also from the general public. Generally three reasons have been given to explain this phenomenon. First of all, fake commodities are usually profitable. They are lower in cost and of course, in quality, but are high in price. Secondly, the society
9、often finds it hard to help consumers to tell fake ones from the genuine goods. Third, legal restrictions against fake commodities do not work at all or work with low efficiency.Fake commodities do harm to the human life. They can damage the life or ruin ones happiness, depending on what kind of fak
10、e commodities consumers have bought. They can also damage the society as a whole if the fake commodities are not restricted by governments or other agencies. Fake medicines are a typical example. Today, even in the field of academic, fake papers are not uncommon. All these fake commodities exert neg
11、ative impacts on human civilization.,,范文二 （六级）： 258 wordsFake commodities seem to flood into each corner of daily life. Worse still, they even stream into academic institutions evidenced by the fact that some professors plagiarize papers. We have fake clothes with brand name. We have fake medicines
12、which are openly sold in hospitals. We also have some fake computers and TV sets. In one word, fake commodities are almost everywhere.Then we may naturally ask: Why do fake commodities flow into the supermarkets? The flood is so overwhelming that both the sociologists and the general public have to
13、dig the root reasons. On the basis of scientific research and survey, scholars discover that among the diverse array of contributing factors, the major one is that the society in which the fake commodities are flooding is usually short of an effective legal system to control or guide the markets. An
14、other reason, seemingly vital, states that the social and economic order is maintained by, to a considerable extent, ethic and moral. But the moral and value system becomes fragile when subjected to a market characterized and dominated by the cold cash. Economic models have been put forward to provi
15、de theories to account fro why fake commodities can negatively influence a society to such an extent. Of courses many other reasons also play their roles.The harmful impacts exerted by fake commodities on the social and economic development can be alarmingly destructive. Not only can they directly h
16、arm the consumers benefits and rights but also they collapse a civilization provided that the government has no effective measures to address this problem.,,2.3 如何准备六级考试,首先要了解六级写作考试大纲的内容，评分标准、原则，历年真题范围，从而掌握出题原则及规律。 打好基本功。 熟悉各种文体的结构特点，写作技巧及常用句型、套话等。如论说文的常用开头法有谚语法、定义法、引用法、提问法、直接法、间接法、故事法、概括法及综合法；中间段的扩
17、展法有时间、空间、定义、分类、过程、例证、比较与对比及因果法；结尾段常用方法有重述法、总结法、提问法、预测法、建议法及名言法等。 熟练掌握一些常用于论说文中的起、承、转、合结构的词（组）或句型结构。 勤学苦练，熟能生巧。有意识地多读多背一些写作范文，最好根据文章题目和纲要求按自己的思路先试写一下，然后对照范文找出差距，多收集整理一些涉及社会热点话题的文章，做好信息的储备，以防写作时无话可说。 平时在阅读英语文章及做模拟题时，见到好的词汇、句型及表达方法绝不放过，把握分析一些好文章的结构及发展脉络，养成层次和条理上的好习惯。 熟悉各种应试技巧：如何开头，如何结尾；如何识别提纲中的关键词；如何将提
18、纲转化为各段的主题句；如何描述图表内容，如何提出问题并加以分析和说明；等等。,,遵循科学的写作步骤,1. 仔细审题、立意。确立主题思想，理清思路，初步建立写作框架。 2. 组织素材。围绕主题收集素材，加以筛选归类，排列整理。 3. 撰写提纲。把每段的主要观点和主题思想提炼出来，并列出若干相关的理据和例证。 4. 行文。依据主题思想和已定框架结构加入相应的素材，使之具体化和丰满化。选词组句要富有新意和变化，长短结合，简单并列复合句交替使用。倒装、强调句型灵活运用，使文章平中出奇。 5. 修改订正。特别要注意订正文中的语法及拼写错误。（动词时态语态，名词单、复数，主谓一致，代词性、数、格等低级语言
19、错误）,,选词,四级4.5k 六级6k 词汇掌握不在于量，而在于质。 词义理解要全面透彻（概念意义、关联意义） 措词要严谨（词义搭配、褒贬意义、感情色彩等） 把握好词类及其语法功能，区分同义词和词形相近词 有意识使用六级大纲规定的超出四级范围之外的那些词或短语,,(1) 老师 teacher(2) 老板 boss(3) 老战士 a veteran(4) 老领导 a senior leader(5) 老师傅 a master craftsman(6) 老闺女 the youngest daughter(7) 老黄牛 a willing ox(8) 老芹菜 overgrown celery(9)
20、老皇历 out-of-date calendar(10) 老生常谈 commonplace/home truth,老,,1: individuals, characters, folks替换(people, persons) 2: positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good 3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill (有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less i
21、mpressive替换 e.g. An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive. 4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a mu
22、ltitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many. 注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。 e.g. Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that.同理 用most, if not all,替换most. 5. a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some 6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely sh
23、ared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that) 7:affair business ,matter 替换thing 8: shared 代 common 9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits ) 10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion 11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more( 注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasi
24、ng/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly. e.g. sth has gained growing popularity. sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.,,12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly 13beneficial, rewarding替换helpful, 14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer 15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely
25、 替换very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable . 替换 unnecessary, avoidable 17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in 18.capture ones attention替换attract ones attention. 19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect 20.be indicative of ,be suggesti
26、ve of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear 21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause. 22. There are several reasons behind sth 替换reasons for sth 23.desire 替换want. 24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to 25.bear in mind that 替换remember 26. enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思) 27. in
27、teraction替换communication 28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth 29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance 30. next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible,,炼句,把好句子关，避免出现语法和结构错误 The result being that he lost the presidential position. The girl made the
28、fire, the boy cooked the steak. To swim properly, a course of instruction is necessary. (Dangling structure悬垂) 举一反三，替换、扩充、变换句式 狂背一些好的句型和地道表达（包括多记谚语格言，名言警句）,,英文写作必背之35句型,一、 the + est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + see
29、n ( known/heard/had/read, etc) Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教
30、育更重要的事。 三、 cannot emphasize the importance of too much.（再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过。）We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V .（不可否认的.）There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质
31、已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 （全世界都知道.）It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。,,六、There is no doubt that + 句子 （毫无疑问的.） There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of
32、 is that + 句子 （.的优点是.） An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 （.的原因是.） The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that
33、 they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此.以致于.） So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V （虽然.） Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. by
34、no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。,,十一、The + er + S + V, the + er + S + V The + more + Adj + S + V, the + more+ Adj + S + V （愈.愈.） The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 书读得愈多，就愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving
35、, can （借着.，能够）By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、 enable + Object（受词）+ to + V（使能够） Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V （我们绝对不能.） On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S
36、+ 过去式 （该是.的时候了） It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。,,十六、Those who （.的人.） Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 十七、There is no one but （没有人不.） There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人
37、不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不.） Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的） It is conceivable that knowledge plays a
38、n important role in our life. 可想而知/显然，知识在我们的一生中扮演着重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why （那就是.的原因） Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I dont like it. 夏天很闷热。这就是我不喜欢它的原因。,,二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式.（过去.年来，.一直.） For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备
39、考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V （.是值得的。） It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on （以.为基础）The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） We
40、should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。,,二十六、bring home to + 人 + 事 （让.明白.事） We should bring home to people the value of working hard. 我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。 二十七、be closely related to （与.息息相关） Taking exercise is closely related to health. 做运动与健康息息相关。 二十八、Get into the habit of +
41、 Ving= make it a rule to + V （养成.的习惯） We should get into the habit of keeping good hours. 我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。 二十九、Due to/Owing to/Thanks to + N/Ving, （因为.） Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream. 因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。 三十、What a + Adj + N + S + V!= How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么.！） What an import
42、ant thing it is to keep our promise! How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事！,,三十一、Leave much to be desired （令人不满意）The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired. 我们的交通状况令人不满意。 三十二、Have a great influence on （对.有很大的影响） Smoking has a great influence on our health. 抽烟对我们的健康
43、有很大的影响。 三十三、do good to （对.有益），do harm to（对.有害） Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。 Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。Pose a great threat to （对.造成一大威胁） Pollution poses a great threat to our existence. 污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。 三十五、do ones utmost to + V = do ones best （尽全力去.） We should do our utmost to
44、achieve our goal in life. 我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。,,句子可长可短，同一件事，可以用不同的句式表达。如果句子清一色是简单句，文章必定很单调乏味。如果全篇充满了冗长的复杂句，读起来也很费力。最好的方法是以简单句为基础，配合适当的并列句和复杂句。简单句可长可短，通常要加些附属成分，如分词短语、介词短语、副词短语、不定式动词短语，以及节缩成分。 总之，作者可根据情况，使句子多样化，使文章灵活多姿。例如下列五个句子的基本概念一样，但是句式不同，内容重点也有些差别： (1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and wer
45、e unaware of the approaching hunter. (并列分句(1)+2) (2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching hunter. (现在分语短语+简单句) (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching hunter. (副词短语+并列分句(1)-(2) ) (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in
46、the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter. (简单句+形容语短语) (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the farm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. (原因副词从句+主句) (1)和(5)的句式最常见；如果加上其他三种互相交替，句子不是更多样化吗？,怎样使句子多样化？,,看看这两个句子要如何多样化呢？ (6) The young pilot was on his first overseas training. (7) He felt very
47、uneasy. (a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy. (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training. (c) The young pilots first overseas training made him feel very uneasy. (d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas training.
48、(e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very uneasy. (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy. (h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very un
49、easy. (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy. (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy. (l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy. 在上述12个句子中，(a)-(g)是简单句；(h)是并列句；(i)-(l)是复杂句。简单句除(b)和(g)之外，其他五样，用的人并不多。人们最喜欢采用复杂句，尤其是(j)和(k)这两句；接着便是并列句(h)。如果大多数人的句子只限于(b),(g), (h), (j)和(k)这五种，而其他的则弃如敝屣，不是很可惜吗？,
