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1、金属有机化学 Organometallics,徐崇福,1. Introduction(引论) 2. Main-Group Organometallics (主族金属有机化合物) 3. Organometallic Compounds of the Transition Elements (过渡元素金属有机化合物),1. Introduction(引论),1.1 Historical Development and Current Trends in Organometallic Chemistry (在金属有机化学领域的历史发展和当前趋势) 1760 The cradle(摇篮) of org

2、anometallic chemistry is a Paris military pharmacy(制药厂). It is there Cadet(军校学员) works on sympathetic inks(隐显墨水)based on cobalt salts. For their preparation, cobalt mineral which contain arsenic(砷) was used.,As2O3 + 4CH3COOK “Cadets Fuming liquid”(军学生发烟液体) Contains cacodyloxide (卡可基氧化物) (CH3)2As2O M

3、alodorous (恶臭的) First organometallic compound (首个有机金属化合物). 1827 Zeises salt(蔡斯盐) NaPtCl3C2H4 First olefin complex(首个烯烃配合物).,1840 R. W. Bunsen(本生) continues the study of cacodyl compounds which he names “alkarsines”(卡可基酸氧化物). The weakness of As-As bond in molecules of the type R2As-AsR2 led to a prof

4、usion (丰富) of derivatives (衍生物) like (CH3)2AsCN whose taste is checked by Bunsen! 1849 E. Frankland(弗兰克兰), student of Bunsen, attepts the preparation of an “ethyl radical”(乙基自由基). (cacodyl as well was taken to be a radical).,1852 Frankland prepares the important alkylmercury compounds (烷基汞化合物) : 2CH

5、3X + 2Na/Hg (CH3)2Hg + 2NaX Additionally: (C2H5)4Sn, (CH3)3B (1860). In the following years, alkyl transfer reactions (烷基转移反应)using R2Hg and R2Zn serve in the synthesis of numerous main-group organometallics(众多的主族金属有机化合物的合成).,Frankland also introduced the concept of valency(化合价概念)“combining power” a

6、nd the term organometallic (有机金属主干). 1852 K. J. Konig (康尼)and M. E. Schweizer in Zurich (苏黎世)first prepare (C2H5)4Pb from ethyliodide (乙基碘)and Na/Pb alloy(合金). In a similar manner, they also obtain (C2H5)4Sb and (C2H5)3Bi. 1859 W. Hallwachs and A. Schafarik generate alkylaluminum(烷基铝) iodides: 2Al +

7、 3RI R2AlI + RAlI2,1863 C. Friedel (弗瑞德)and J. M. Crafts(克莱福特) prepare Organochlorosilane(有机氯硅烷): SiCl4 + m/2ZnR2 RmSiCl4-m + m/2ZnCl2 1866 J. A. Wanklyn develops a method for the synthesis of halide-free magnesium alkyls(不含卤素的烷基镁): (C2H5)2Hg + Mg (C2H5)2Mg + Hg,1868 M. P. Schutzenberger obtains Pt(

8、CO)Cl22, first metal carbonyl complex(首个金属羰基配合物). D. I. Mendeleev (门捷列夫)uses organometallic compounds as test cases (试验例证)for his periodic table(周期表).,1890 L. Mond(蒙德): Ni(CO)4, first binary metal carbonyl(首个二元金属羰基化合物), used in a commercial process for refining nickel(镍的商业精炼过程). Mond is the founder

9、of the English company ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries 帝国化工) as well as a renowned collector and patron of the arts(著名的艺术收集家及恩主). 1899 P. Barbier (巴比)replaces Mg for Zn in reactions with alkyl iodides:,Explored in more detail by Barbiers student V. Grignard (格利雅)(Nobel prize 1912 shared with P. Sa

10、batier). Although less sensitive than ZnR2, RMgX is more potent alkyl group transfer reagent (强有力的烷基迁移剂). 1901 L. F. S. Kipping prepares (C6H5)2SiO, suspects its high molecularity(高分子性), and calls the material diphenylsilicone(二苯基硅酮).,1909 W. J. Pope: formation of (CH3)3PtI, first s-organotransition

11、-metal compound. 1909 P. Ehrlich,inventer of chemotherapy化疗法发明者, Nobel prize 1908 introduces Salvarsan (洒尔佛散) for the treatment of syphilis(梅毒),1917 W. Schlenk(舒兰克): Lithium alkyls via transalkylation (经由烷基烷基转换得到烷基锂). 2Li + R2Hg 2LiR + Hg 2EtLi + Me2Hg 2MeLi + Et2Hg 1919 F. Hein from CrCl3 and PhMgB

12、r synthesizes polyphenylchromium compounds(聚苯基铬化合物), now known to be sandwich complexes(三明治化合物).,1922 T. Midgley and T. A. Boyd introduces Pb(C2H5)4 as an antiknock additive in gasoline. 1928 W. Hieber inaugurates his systematic study of metal carbonyls(开始他的金属羰基化合物的系统研究): Fe(CO)5 + H2NCH2CH2NH2 (H2N

13、CH2CH2NH2)Fe(CO)3 + 2CO Fe(CO)5 + X2 Fe(CO)4X2 + CO,1929 F. A. Paneth 潘纳思)generates alkyl radicals through PbR4 pyrolysis(通过PbR4的热解产生烷基自由基), radical identification by means of their ability to cause the transport of a metallic mirror(由它们能引起金属银镜传输的能力进行自由基鉴定). Paneth thus reaches a goal set by Frankla

14、nd in 1849(于是,潘纳思就达到了1849年由弗兰克兰设定的目标).,1930 K. Ziegler (齐格勒)encourages more extensive use of organolithium compounds in synthesis by developing a simpler way of preparation(通过开发出一个更简便的制备方法激励了有机锂化合物在合成中更加广泛的应用). PhCH2OMe + 2Li PhCH2Li + MeOLi (ether cleavage,醚裂解) H. Gilman: RX + 2Li RLi + LiX (proced

15、ure used today),1931 W. Hieber prepares Fe(CO)4H2, the first transition-metal hydride complex (首个过渡金属负氢离子配合物). 1938 O. Roelen discovers hydroformylation (加氢甲酰化),(the oxo process, 羰基合成法).,1939 W. Reppe (雷帕)starts work on the transition-metal catalyzed reactions of acetylene (开始了由过渡金属催化下乙炔反应的研究工作).,19

16、43 E. G. Rochow:Cu-Cat.,300 2CH3Cl + Si - (CH3)2SiCl2 + This “direct synthesis” triggers large scale production and use of silicones(这种“直接的合成”引发了硅酮的大规模生产和使用). Preliminary work by R. Muller (Radebeul near Dresden) was interrupted by the Second World War.(R Muller的前期工作为第二次世界大战所打断),1951 P. Pauson (GB)

17、and S. A. Miller (USA) obtain ferrocene(二茂铁) (C5H5)2Fe, the first proven sandwich complex(首个得到确切证实三明治配合物).,1953 G. Wittig (维悌希)discovers the reaction bearing his name(发现以它的名字命名的反应),1955 E. O. Fischer(费歇尔): rational synthesis of bis(benzene)chromium (C6H6)2Cr(二苯铬的理性化合成). 1955 K. Ziegler(齐格勒), G. Natt

18、a(纳塔): polyolefins from ethylene and propylene, respectively, in a low pressure process employing mixed metal catalysts (transition-metal halide/ AlR3).(使用混合金属催化剂 t-MX/AlR3,在低压过程中分别从乙烯和丙烯合成聚烯烃),1956 H. C. Brown(布朗): hydroborane (氢硅烷). 1959 J. Smodt, W. Hafner: preparation of (C3H5)PdCl2, installatio

19、n(建立) of the field of p-allyl transition-metal complexes(创立了离域化p-烯丙基过渡金属配合物领域).,1959 R. Crigee stabilization(稳定) of cyclobutadiene(环丁二烯) by complexation in (C4Me4)NiCl22 veryfying a prediction by H. C. Longuet-Higgins and L. Orgel (1956)(通过对(C4Me4)NiCl22的络合将环丁二烯稳定化,证实了LonguetHiggins和Orgel在1956年的一个预言

20、). 1960 M. F. Hawthorne: carboranes(碳硅烷). 1961 L. Vaska: (PPh3)2Ir(CO)Cl reversibly binds O2( (PPh3)2Ir(CO)Cl可逆地结合O2 ).,1963 Nobel prize to K. Ziegler and G. Natta. 1964 E. O. Fischer: (CO)5WC(OMe)Me, first carbene complex(首个卡宾配合物). 1965 G. Wilkinson(威尔金森), R. S. Coffey(科菲): (PPh3)3RhCl acts as a ho

21、mogeneous catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkenes((PPh3)3RhCl在烯烃的氢化中作用为均相催化剂). 1968 A. Streitwieser: preparation of uranocene(制备二茂铀), (C8H8)2U.,1969 P. L. Timms: synthesis of organotransition-metal complexes by means of metal-atom ligand-vapor cocondensation (通过金属原子配体蒸汽共凝聚合成过渡金属配合物). 1970 G. Wilkin

22、son: kinetically inert transition-metal alkyls through blockage of b-elemination (通过阻断b消除得到动力学惰性的过渡金属烷基化合物).,1972 H. Werner(维尔纳): (C5H3)3Ni2+, first triple-decker sandwich complex(首个三层三明治配合物). 1973 E. O. Fischer: ICO4CrCR, first carbyne complex(首个卡拜配合物). 1973 Nobel prize to E. O. Fischer and G Wilki

23、nson.,1976 Nobel prize to W. N. Lipscomb: theoretical and experimental clarification of structure and bonding in boranes(硼烷结构和价键理论和经验的澄清). 1979 Nobel prize to H. C. Brown and G. Wittig: application of organoboranes and methylenephosporanes, respectively, in organic synthesis(有机硼烷和亚甲基磷烷分别在有机合成中的应用).,

24、1981 R. West: (1,3,5-Me3C6H2)4Si2, first stable compound with =Si=Si= double bond(首个具有硅硅双键的稳定化合物). 1981 Nobel prize to R. Hoffman (霍夫曼)and K. Fukui(福井谦一): semiempirical MO-concept in a unified discussion of structure and reactivity of inorganic, organic and organometallic molecules, isolobal analogi

25、es (半经验分子轨道概念在无机,有机及金属有机分子结构和反应性的统一讨论,等叶类比).,1983 R. G. Bergman, W. A. G. Graham: intermolecular reactions of organotransition-metal compounds with alkanes ,C-H activation(有机过渡金属化合物与烷烃的分子间反应,碳氢键活化). 1983 Nobel Prize to Henry Taube for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especi

26、ally in metal complexes. (尤其在金属配合物中,电子转移反应机理),1994 Nobel Prize to George A. Olah for his contribution to carbocation chemistry. (对碳正离子的贡献) 1996 Nobel Prize to Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley for their discovery of fullerenes. (富勒烯的发现),2001 The Nobel Prize was awarded w

27、ith one half jointly to: William S. Knowles and RyoJi Noyori for their work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions (手性催化氢化反应工作) And the other half to: K. Barry Sharpless for his work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions. (手性催化氧化工作),2010 Nobel prize was awarded jointly to Richard F. Heck,

28、 Ei-Ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis. (在有机合成中的钯催化交联),Exercises 1: 1. What was the first olefin complex? 2. In what year did P. Ehrlich won Nobel prize and what was his invention? 3. What was K. Ziegler and G. Nattas major discovery? 4. What

29、was G. Wilkinsons discovery? 5. What did W. N. Lipscomb win Nobel prize for? 6. For what did G. Wittig win Nobel prize?,7. What were R. Hoffman and K. Fukui awarded Nobel prize for? 8. What project R. G. Bergman and W. A. G. Graham work for? 9. What have William S. Knowles and RyoJi Noyori accomplis

30、hed for their Nobel prize? 10. What kind of achievement does the Nobel prize award for the year 2010?,1.2 Classification of Organometallic Compounds(金属有机化合物分类) Organometallic compounds are defined as materials which possess direct, more or less polar bonds Md+ - Cd- between metal and carbon atoms.(金

31、属有机化合物定义为在金属和碳原子之间具有直接的,或多或少极性Md+ - Cd-键的材料),The designation of s-, p-, d-bond s-, p-, d-键的指定,1.3 Energy, Polarity and Reactivity of M-C Bond 金属-碳键的能量,极性和反应性 It is important to distinguish (区别)between thermodynamic(热力学) (stable, unstable) and kinetic(动力学) (inert, labile) 1.3.1 Stability of Main-grou

32、p Organometallics(主族金属有机化合物的稳定性),Compared with the strengths of M-N, M-O and M-Halogen bond, M-C bonds must be deemed weak(与金属-氮,金属-氧以及金属-卤素键的强度相比,金属-碳键必然被认为是弱的). M-C bond energies cover a wide range(金属-碳键能覆盖广阔的范围) Compound (CH3)3B (CH3)3As (CH3)3Bi E(M-C) 365 229 141 kJ/mol strong medium weak,The m

33、ean bond energy E(M-C) with a main-group decreases with the increasing atomic number(对于主族来说平均键能E(M-C)随着原子序数的增加而下降). Ionic bonds are encountered if M is particularly electropositive and /or the carbanion is especially stable(如果金属特别电正性或者碳负离子特别稳定,将出现离子键). Examples: Na+C5H5-, K+CPh3-, Na+CCR-,Multicente

34、r bonding (“electron deficient bond”) arises if the valence shell of M is less than half filled and the cation Mn+ is srongly polarizing (possesses a large charge/radius ratio)(如果金属价层少于半满或者正离子强烈极化,即电荷/半径比很大,将出现多中心键). Examples: (LiCH3)4, Be(CH3)2n, Al(CH3)32,1.3.2 Lability of Main-Group Organometalli

35、cs 主族金属有机化合物的活跃性 All organometallics are thermodynamically unstable with respect to oxidation to MOn, H2O and CO2. Nevertheless, large differences in the ease of handling of organometallics are encountered which may be traced back to differences in kinetic inertness (同有机化合物相比,所有金属有机化合物热力学不稳定,然而处理它们的

36、难易却相差很大,这要追索到它们动力学惰性差异)。,1.4 Concise introduction of nomenclature in elements and chemical compounds 元素及其化合物的命名简介1.4.1 Nomenclature of organic compounds 有机化合物的命名,Names for the root designating carbon numbers in the backbone chain 用于表达主链碳数目的根名 C- numbers root C-numbers rootOne meth- two eth-Three pro

37、p- four but-Five pent- six hex-Seven hept- eight oct-Nine non- ten dec-Eleven undec- twelve dodec-Thirteen tridec- fourteen tetradec-Fifteen pentadec- twenty eicos-Twenty one heneicos- twenty two docos-Thirty triacont-,Systematic names, common names and abbreviations for some groups 一些基团的系统名,俗名以及缩写,

38、Group sys. name com. name abbrev. 基团 系统命名 普通名称 缩写 CH3- methyl Me CH3CH2- ethyl Et CH3(CH2)2- propyl Pr (CH3)2CH- 1-methylethyl isopropyl i-Pr CH3(CH2)3- butyl Bu (CH3)3C- 1,1-dimethylethyl- ter-butyl t-Bu C6H5- phenyl Ph C6H5CH2- phenylmethyl- benzyl Bez,Names of common functional groups (常见官能团的名称),

39、Formula Name Prefix Sufix RH Alkane alkyl- -ane RCH=CH2 Alkene vinyl- -ene RCCH Alkyne -yne ArH Arene phenyl- -benzene RX Alkyl halide halo- -halide ROH Alcohol hydroxo- -ol ROR Ether alkoxo- -ether RNH2 Amine amino- -amine R-SH mercaptan -thiol,Systematic Names for Carbonyl Compounds 羰基化合物的系统名,Orde

40、r of priority for selected functional groups (官能团的优先顺序),Functional group Group prefix Rank of priority Carboxylic acid 1 Ester 2 Acid chloride 3 Amide 4 Aldehyde oxo- 5 Nitrile cyano- 6 Ketone oxo- 7 Alcohol hydroxy- 8 Amine amino- 9 Ether alkoxy- 10 Halogen fluoro-, chloro- 11bromo-, iodo- -NO2 nit

41、ro- 12,More examples of nomenclature,1.4.2. Nomenclature of the Chemical Elements 1.4.2 化学元素的命名,1. Hydrogen(氢),元素符号 H 化学家拉瓦锡以 hydrogen命名,即希腊文hydro(水)+ gen(产生),就是生成水的物质。 2. Helium(氦),元素符号 He 1868年8月18日日全食时,正在观测日冕的洛 尔在太阳光谱中发现了一种新的谱线,他认为这 是由一种新的元素产生的,他以希腊太阳神 helieos 命名。,3. Lithium(锂),元素符号 Li 1817年,瑞典化学

42、家 Arfvedson 从透锂长石中发现一种新元素,用希腊语石头 lithos 命名。 4. Beryllium(铍),元素符号 Be 铍作为绿柱石的成分天然存在,德国人克拉普罗特按绿柱石beryl的名字将其命名。 5. Boron(硼),元素符号 B 最初称之为 boracium,但由于硼的性质和碳有些相似,后来仿照碳的词尾改称 boron.,6. Carbon(碳),元素符号 C 1787年法国化学家拉瓦锡借鉴拉丁文木炭 carbo将其命名为 carbon 7. Nitrogen(氮),元素符号 N 氮气能使老鼠窒息。 1789年法国化学家拉瓦锡将其成为 azote(希腊文为 azotik

43、os,意为“无生命”。英文名 nitrogen 的来源:氮是由硝石nitrium 所产生(希腊文产生 gennao)。 C6H5N+NCl benzenediazoniumchloride,8. Oxygen(氧),元素符号 O 1779年法国化学家拉瓦锡提出物质与氧化合为燃烧,并用法语命名为 oxygen,它来源于希腊语oxys(酸)同gen(产生)的结合,这是基于氧原子是酸的根源的误解。 9. Fluorine(氟),元素符号 F 氟的英文名称来源于萤石(fluorite),最初它被用作熔剂来熔铁。正是这个原因,它的拉丁名fluere 的原意是“流动”。,10. Neon(氖),元素符号

44、Ne 氖来源于希腊语 neos(新的)。1869年俄国化学家门捷列夫提出元素周期表的假说。拉姆齐根据周期表预测在已知的惰性气体氦和氩之间存在一种未知惰性气体,并最终发现了“新元素”氖。 11. Sodium(钠),元素符号 Na 钠的元素符号来自拉丁名,由碳酸钠的拉丁语natron 得来,英文名 sodium 来源于阿拉伯语suda,12. Magnesium(镁),元素符号 Mg 1828年法国化学家比西首次分离出纯粹的金属镁。因矿石产自希腊的 Magnesia 地区,镁由此得名。 13. Aluminum(铝),元素符号 Al 在古代的希腊和罗马有作为一种铝盐的明矾叫做alumen,法国化

45、学家德维尔据此将铝命名为aluminium,14. Silicon(硅),元素符号 Si 英语的元素名是由拉丁语硅砂(silex)而来。 15. Phosphorus(磷),元素符号 P 磷在黑暗中可以发光,英文名 phosphorus 来源于希腊语,phos是光,phoros是运送、带来。 16. Sulfur(硫),元素符号 S 英文名sulfur来自拉丁语的 sulphur(硫)。指示硫的接头词 thio- 源于希腊语 theion(硫磺)。 Na2S2O3 Sodiumthiosulphate,17. Chlorine(氯),元素符号 Cl 因为氯气是黄绿色,希腊语中为 chloros

46、,在拉丁语中称 chlorus,戴维把此气体命名为 chlorine 18. Argon(氩),元素符号 Ar 氩(argon)是希腊语的“工作”(ergon是成为尔格的能量单位),加上否定词an所造成的词,意思是不工作、惰性。 Argon = an(not)+ ergon(work),19. Potassium(钾),元素符号 K Potash 是pot(锅)和ash(灰)的合成词,意为草木灰。钾的元素符号取自拉丁文名 kalium 20. Calcium(钙),元素符号 Ca 钙是由戴维命名的,由拉丁语中表示石、沙的calx 结合金属元素共通的 -ium 而成。 21. Scandium(

47、钪),元素符号 Sc 瑞典化学家尼尔松以他的祖国瑞典的拉丁语名将该元素命名为钪。,22. Titanium(钛),元素符号 Ti 根据希腊神话故事中由天王(Uranus)和地母(Gaea)的巨人儿子泰坦Titan的名字命名。 23. Vanadium(钒),元素符号 V 1830年由瑞典化学家塞夫斯特穆发现,并以斯堪的纳维亚神话中的女神凡娜蒂斯命名。,24. Chromium(铬),元素符号 Cr 由于它在氧化状态下变化为紫、红、黄、绿等颜色。福克瓦和矿物学家阿诺伊以希腊语中表示颜色的词“Chroma”将其命名。 25. Manganese(锰),元素符号 Mn 当初,由于是从软锰矿石中得到锰

48、,所以取名为Manganesium。1808年戴维发现了新元素镁,因两者读音容易混淆,克拉普罗特将其英文名称为manganese,德语 mangan 直到现在。,26. Iron(铁),元素符号 Fe 英语Iron是从拉丁语的矿石 aes 中得来,德语的eisen是由于铁的光泽和冰 eis 相似而得来。元素符号Fe来自拉丁语“坚硬”(firrus)。化学用语ferrous(Fe2+)及ferric(Fe3+)均由此派生。 27. Cobalt(钴),元素符号 Co 德国矿工从像银矿的矿石中提取银遭到失败,认为是传说中的山神恶灵 Kobold 作祟,将该矿石称 Kobold。后以此命名从中提取的

49、蓝色元素。,28. Nickel(镍),元素符号 Ni 镍的名称来源于德语 Kupfernickel(铜魔),一种炼不出铜的矿石。后来将从该矿石中分离出与铜性质完全不同的金属缩读成镍。 29. Copper(铜),元素符号 Cu 在古代,特别有名的铜矿山位于地中海的塞浦路斯(Cyprus)岛,被认为由此得名。 30. Zinc(锌),元素符号 Zn Zinc来自德语 Zinke(像梳子或叉子的齿状尖锐东西)。锌在熔炉中以箭头的形状沉淀下来。,31. Gallium(镓),元素符号 Ga 法国人布瓦博德朗首先发现了这个早被门捷列夫预言的元素。他以它的祖国法国的拉丁语名(Gallia)命名了这个元素。 32. Gemanium(锗),元素符号 Ge 德国人温克勒尔首先发现了这一为门捷列夫预言的元素,并以他的祖国 Germania 命名。,33. Arsenic(砷),元素符号 As 砷的元素名为 Arsenic,来自希腊语中意思为黄色染料(雄黄)的 arsenikon。 34. Selenium(硒),元素符号 Se 硒命名源于希腊语中的月亮(selene)。 35. Bromine(溴),元素符号 Br 法国人 Balard 从盐湖水中分离出红黑色液体元素,取名 Muride(海水中的东西),却未被采用。后来以希腊语中表示“刺激臭”, “恶臭”之意的(bromos)为词源命名。,

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