1、如何写中英文摘要,How to write Chinese and English Abstract,论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。 科研论文的摘要,是一篇独立于全文而存在的短文。不管是中文还是英文摘要,均不能只是做了什么、分析了什么,更重要的是:要写出研究的结果(不仅仅得出结论)。也就是说,摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。,摘要的组成,摘要由目的、方法、结果和结论四部分组成。 目的部分应简要说明研究的目的,说明提出问题的缘由,表明研究的范
2、围及重要性; 方法部分应说明研究课题的基本设计,使用了什么材料和方法,如何分组对照,研究范围以及精确程度,数据是如何取得的以及经过何种统计学方法处理; 结果部分要列出研究的主要结果和数据,有什么新发现,说明其价值及局限,叙述要具体、准确,并需给出结果的可信值和统计学显著性检验的确切值; 结论部分应简要说明、论证取得的正确观点极其理论价值或应用价值,是否值得推荐或推广等。,研究目的(有时可省)、研究方法和手段、研究结果、结果分析和结论等几个主要部分。重点应突出作者研究的创新性结果,主要结果和结论应交待清楚,不能含混不清,似是而非;也应避免对标题的重复和一般性内容的叙述,最大限度地增加摘要的信息量
3、;应注意语言的表达,避免难以理解的长句,用词应通俗易懂、简洁准确。,摘要的位置和字数,摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。仅仅从摘要中就可以看出研究的水平,看出研究的方法、具体结果以及与以往同类研究的不同(创新之处)。让读者很容易看出您的研究结果与其他人的研究结果的区别,以决定是否有必要花时间寻找全文,从而扩大论文的影响力。 字数:最好200字左右为宜,不宜过长。,为什么写摘要,为读者检索论文服务。 增加国际著名数据库(如EI)的检索比例。EI检索的首要条件还是研究的水平问题。在看不见全文的情况下,研究的水平只能通过摘要来体现。从本刊以往EI检索的情况
4、来看,只是交代做了什么,而没有具体写出做的结果是什么,具体规律是什么,具体关系是什么,等等,这样的文章被漏检的很多。,如何写摘要,写成报道性摘要,不能写成指示性摘要(做了、分析了、提出了)。应当重点写出研究的结果,特别是本研究的新发现、新规律、新关系。方法、模型类论文,应当交代清楚构建的原理、步骤,建立方法、模型的特别之处棗特别的优势和具体特点,不能泛泛地说“很好、很快等等”。英文摘要更应当写出体现水平的结果(创新性的),否则后果可想而知!英文表述要规范,避免键盘不能直接录入的符号,否则文摘员不会摘录。注意:摘要和文章的结论不是一回事,但也不是结论中写了摘要中就不能写!结论中的主要结果应当在摘
5、要中体现!中文篇名、摘要和关键词中,不应使用英文单词或缩写词,如果在摘要中要使用,应当在首次出现时给出中文解析。在英文篇名和摘要中只有本学科熟悉的缩写词,在首次出现时应给出全称。,如何写英文摘要,有现成的中文论文摘要,不能在此基础上逐字逐句翻译,不能拿来主义 第一步:推敲结构,成为西方人易于理解的形式。采用Introduction, Materials and methods, Results and Discussion以上各项内容,争取一句话说明一项,最多不超过三句话(Ashby, 2000),Introduction,看似简单,不容易写好 1. 介绍研究课题 2. 陈述对于该课题已有的研
6、究成果 Methods: 把握好度:描述所用的材料、方法、模型、步骤;提供恰到好处的细节,过于简单或繁琐都不可取。注重新先进方法,Results,如实汇报结果、数据即可,无需加入自己的解释。简介、清晰、完整、逻辑 Discussion 重要的部分,难写的部分。提炼原理、揭示关联,进行归纳;解释结果与作者的分析之间的联系,渗入作者的观点和思想,注意时态和语气 Conclusion 总结、阐明论文的主要结果,同时点名局限性和有所保留的地方,时态(tense),科技论文采用的时态,一般为一般过去式,但在列表,统计分析或描述不争的事实时,用一般现在时。例如:Table 4 shows that,。;t
7、hese values are significantly greater than those of the females of the same age,indicating that the males grew more rapidly 论文中凡涉及研究领域内已存在的理论和知识,均应采用一般现在时。以此推理,Introduction 和Discussion 绝大部分内容应采用一般现在时,摘要中描述自己的工作,采用一般过去式。,时态使用总结,语态(Voice),科技论文大量采用被动语态。主动和被动可以并用,取决于句子强调的重点 分词:常用一下句子: After closing the
8、incision,the animal was placed in a restraining cage。 Having completed the study,the bacteria were of no further interest。 典型的使用分词造成的错误,改为: After the incision had been closed ,the animal was placed in a restraining cage。 Once the study was completed,the bacteria were of no further interest 形容词和副词 慎重
9、使用。Fairly quite rather very somewhat much 。,冠词,经常忘记定冠词the,检查名词,如果前面没a, an,该名词非抽象名词和不可数名词,则考虑加the,参考文献,参照英文论文以及期刊的要求反复推敲修改!致谢: 基金的支持,人员的帮助,实验室的扶持,Polyploidy: recurrent formation and genome evolution,Polyploidy has played a major role in the evolution of many eukaryotes. Recent studies have dramatical
10、ly reshaped views of polyploid evolution, demonstrating that most polyploid species examined, both plant and animal, have formed recurrently from different populations of their progenitors. Populations of independent origin can ubsequently come into contact and hybridize, generating new genotypes. B
11、ecause of the frequency of polyploidy in plants, many recognized species are probably polyphyletic. Extensive and rapid genome restructuring can occur after polyploidization. Such changes can be mediated by transposons. Polyploidization could represent a period of transilience, during which genomic
12、changes occur, potentially producing new gene complexes and facilitating rapid evolution.,Reticulate evolution in the Acrolophus subgroup (Centaurea L., Compositae) from the western Mediterranean: Origin and diversiWcation of section Willkommia Blanca,Vctor N. Surez-Santiago a, Maria J. Salinas a, N
13、ria Garcia-Jacas b, Pamela S. Soltis c, Douglas E. Soltis d, Gabriel Blanca a,Abstract,Section Willkommia (Centaurea, Compositae) is endemic to the east-central portion of the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa.The section has been included with sections Acrolophus and Phalolepis in the infor
14、mal subgroup Acrolophus. We have used a molecular phylogenetic approach to test the hypothesis proposed by earlier authors that the diversiWcation of section Willkommia involved a schizoendemic process from an ancestral syngameon. Comparative analysis of the transcribed spacer sequences of the nucle
15、ar ribosomal DNA (ITS and 3ETS) regions reveals the presence of three diVerent types of ribosomal sequences in the Acrolophus subgroup (referred to here as the Willkommia, AcrolophusPhalolepis and Simulans ribotypes) which show a sectional-independent geographic structure. This evidence, together wi
16、th the presence of additive polymorphic sites in the Willkommia sequences which agree with the geographic distribution of the taxa, suggests that members of section Willkommia and the western Mediterranean taxa of sections Acrolophus and Phalolepis Wt a reticulate evolution model.,摘 要:植物细胞微管在细胞形态建成中
17、具有重要作用。它体积小,且结构始终处于动态变化之中,因此观察到清晰的微管形态有一定的困难。本实验以水稻根尖为材料,介绍了一种改进的植物细胞微管免疫荧光组织化学染色方法,用此方法可以观察到清晰、完整的植物微管形态,此法对观察其它植物细胞微管结构也具有指导作用。 关键词:植物细胞;微管;水稻根尖;免疫荧光组织化学染色,Abstract,The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton p lays an important role in p lant cell morphogenesis. As the volume ofMT is very small, and itsmor
18、phology is always in dynamic changes, it is very difficult to observe a clear pattern ofmicrotubule. In this paper, an imp roved immunofluorescence tainingmethod was introduced using the root tip of rice as experimentalmaterials, and the results showed that a clearly and fine structure of microtubul
19、e cytoskeleton could be observed. Thismethod will p lay a guiding role in microtubule cytoskeleton investigation and bservation of other p lant cells. Key words Plant cell;Microtubule; Root tip of rice; Immunofluorescence staining method,摘要:,以组培苗根尖和茎尖为材料,明确了适合欧洲黑莓优良品种冬福瑞(Rubus fruiticosusvar.Thorn-f
20、ree)染色体观察的去壁低渗法主要条件参数,即:根尖在002%秋水仙素和2 mmol/L的8-羟基喹啉混合液 (11)中预处理2 h,用25%的纤维素酶和果胶酶混合液(11)酶解去壁2 h,后低渗30 min,以确定冬福瑞染色体数。确定了欧洲黑莓冬福瑞为四倍体,染色体数目为28。 关 键 词: 黑莓;组培苗;染色体数目;去壁低渗,Abstract:,Root tips and stem tips of blackberry tissue culture plantlet were used to observe the chro-mosomes number of European lackb
21、erryThornfree(Rubusfruticosusvar.Thornfree) by following the wall degradation hypotonic staining method. The main treatment parameters suitable for the observation of the chromosomes number of the blackberry were identified: the pre-disposal treatment time of mixed liquor of 002% colchicines and 2 m
22、mol/L 8- hydroxyquino-line(11) 2 h, the enzymolysis time of 25% cellulase and 25% pectase (11) 2 h and the post-hypotonic period 30 min. The chromosome number of European blackberry is 28, tetraploid.Key words: blackberry; plantlet; chromosome number; wall degradation and hypotonic method,锦鸡儿属几种植物总黄
23、酮含量研究,摘要: 用分光光度法分别测定了锦鸡儿属植物小叶锦鸡儿、南口锦鸡儿、树锦鸡儿、青海锦鸡儿、扁刺锦鸡儿、鬼箭锦鸡儿不同部位的总黄酮含量,发现总黄酮含量最高的部位为花(接近3 %) 和复叶(2 %3 %) ,其次是茎的皮部(约1 %) ,根中各部位的总黄酮含量较低(不足1 %) 。对叶、花等部位类黄酮等化学成分的研究有助于锦鸡儿属植物资源的可持续利用和生态环境的保护。 关键词: 锦鸡儿属;总黄酮;芦丁,Abstract :,Total flavonoids content of samples f rom different organs of Caragana microphylla
24、Lam , C. z ahlbruckneri C K Schneid , C arborescens (Amm) Lam , C chi nghaiensis Liou , C boisi Schneid , C j ubata(Pall) Pior were determined with the method of spect rophotomet ry. The result s showed that organs with the highest content of total flavonoids are flower (nearly 3 %) and compound lea
25、f (2 % - 3 % ) , followed by the cor2 tex of the stem (about 1 %) . Content of total flavonoids in root is relatively low(less than 1 %) . Study and developing of constituent s including flavonoids in the organs of flower and leaf will be helpful to sustainable usage of Caragana Fabr and protection of ecologicalenvironment . Key words :Caragana Fabr ; Total flavonoid ; Rutin,