1、1,IA H HydrogenLi LithiumNa SodiumK Potassium,IIABe Beryllium Mg Magnesium Ca Calcium Sr Strontium Ba Barium,1.单质与元素命名,一、无机物的命名,2,VIA VIIA 0He Helium O Oxygen F Fluorine Ne Neon S Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonBr Bromine I Iodine,IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N NitrogenAl Aluminum Si Silicon P Phospho
2、rusGe Germanium As ArsenicSn Tin Sb AntimonyPb Lead Bi Bismuth,3,Fe : iron Mn: manganeseCr： chromiumCu: copper Ag: silver Au: gold Zn: zinc Hg: mercury,(1)mono- (2)di- (3)tri- (4)tetra- (5)penta- (6)hexa- (7)hepta- (8)octa- (9)nona- (10)deca-,4,O2- Oxide F- Fluoride S2- Sulfide Cl- Chloride OH- Hydr
3、oxide Br- Bromide CN- Cyanide I- Iodide H- Hydride Na2O2 Sodium peroxide Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide(tetra省略a) CO Carbon monoxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide(penta省略a) H2S hydrogen sulfide,5,NH4Cl ammonium chloride NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate或 Sodium bicarbonate Cu2(OH)2CO3 D
4、icopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate AlCl36H2O aluminum chloride 6-water,PH3: phosphane AsH3: arsane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane,6,含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per -ic 高某酸根 per -ate正酸 -ic 正酸根-ate 亚酸 -ous 亚酸根 -ite 次酸 hypo-ous 次酸根 hypo-ite,7,HClO4 perchloric ac
5、id ClO4- perchlorate HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochloriteH2SO4 sulfuric acid SO42- sulfate H2SO3 sulfurous acid SO32- sulfite HNO3 nitric acid NO3- nitrate HNO2 nitrous acid NO2- nitriteH3PO4 phosphoric acid PO43- phosphate HPO
6、3 metaphosphoric acid PO3- metaphosphate H3PO3 phosphorous acid PO33- phosphite H3PO2 hypophosphorous acid PO23- hypophosphite,8,CO32- carbonate H2CO3 carbonic acid C2O42- oxalate H2C2O4 oxalic acid IO3- iodate S2O32- thiosulfate MnO4- permanganate CrO42- chromate Cr2O72- dichromate,9,常见配体的名称,10,Ag(
7、NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I)Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II)Fe(CN)64- Hexafluoroferrate(II)BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III)AlF63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III)AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III),11,Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0)KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III)LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III)K4Fe(CN)6 potass
8、ium hexacyanoferrate(II)Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfateAg(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chlorideCo(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate,12,Exercise,H2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2 HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClO NaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5 H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3 CaHPO4
9、 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6,13,Answer,H2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfide CuSO4 copper (II) sulfate Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate HClO4 perchloric acid KCN potassium cyanide NH4
10、Cl ammonium chloride,14,NaClO sodium hypochlorite NaOH sodium hydroxide Mn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxide K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonate CaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphate
11、PtCl42- tetrachloroplatinumate(II) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II),Answer,15,二 有机物的命名,1 烷烃甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane 丁烷butane戊烷pentane己烷hexane庚烷heptane辛烷octane壬烷nonane癸烷decane,11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradeca
12、ne 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane,16,2029 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane20-alkane Icosane21-alkane Henicosane22-alkane Docosane,3039Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane 30-Alkane Triacontane 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane D
13、otriacontane,17,3090Alkane = Number prefix-contane for example:30 Alkane Triacontane40 Alkane Tetracontane50 Alkane Pentacontane60 Alkane Hexacontane70 Alkane Heptacontane80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane100 Alkane Hectane,18,对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加 “仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、 “异”（iso-）、“新”（neo-）等字命名。
14、下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下： (CH3)2CH-CH- 2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl (CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl tert-Butyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-pentyl (CH3)3C-CH2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl Neopentyl,Iso、neo、cyclo参与排序,sec、tert 不参与排序，用-连接,19,3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane4-e
15、thyl-3,3-dimethylheptane,Radical = Alk -ylCH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl,20,2 烯烃和炔烃,CH2=CH2 Ethene CH2=C=CH2 1,2-Propadiene CH3CH=CHCH3 2-ButeneH2C=CH-CH=CH2 1,3-ButadieneEthyne1,3-Butadiyne,多官能团，加a,21,Alkenyne = Number prefix-en-yneTwo ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Thr
16、ee ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yneOne ene + two yne -en-?-diyne for example:,烯炔的命名,由烯决定加不加a,22,不饱和烃基的命名CH2=CH- vinyl ethynylCH2=C(CH3)- isopropenyl CH3-CH=CH- 1-propenyl2-propynylCH2=CH-CH=CH- 1,3-butadienyl2-penten-4-ynyl,Alkene radical=Alken-yl Alkyne radical=Alkyn-yl,23,多价基的命名1) 两个自由价在同一个碳原子上称为“亚”，英文词
17、尾为“-ylidene”.例如：CH2= Methylidene CH3CH= Ethylidene (CH3)2C= IsopropylideneCH2=C= vinylidene2) 三个自由价在同一个碳原子上的称为次基，英文词尾为-ylidyne。例如：Ethylidyne Methylidyne,24,.,3) 两个自由价不在同一个碳原子上也称为“亚”，但需要标出定位号。例如：-CH2CH2CH2CH2- Tetramethylene,25,3 环烃,cyclopropanecyclohexane,1,2-Dicyclohexylethane,26,4 桥环烃,Bicyclo4.4.0
18、decane Tricyclo4.2.1.02,5non-2-ene,5 螺环烃,Spiro3.5nonane 1-Methylspiro3.5non-5-ene,27,6 芳烃,2-Phenyl-2-butene,可用o、m、p 表示邻、间、对,28,1,3-phenylene,芳烃基,phenylbenzyl,29,单去，多不去,7.1 醇,3-(3-Cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-methyl-1-propanol,30,Ethyl methyl methanol,4-Methyl-4-penten-2-ol,31,(1). RO- (R=C1C4) Radical = Alk +
19、 oxyCH3O- MethoxyCH3CH2O- EthoxyCH3CH2CH2O- PropoxyCH3CH2CH2CH2O- Butoxy (2). RO- (RC4) Radical = Alkyl-oxy,32,7.3 多元醇和多元酚,1,2-Benzenediol 1,2,4-Cyclohexanetriol,7.2 酚,Phenol 2-Naphthol,7.4 硫醇和硫酚 (不去e),Ethanethiol Benzenethiol,33,根基命名法CH3OCH2CH3 Ethyl methyl ether(CH3)2CHOCH3 Isopropyl methyl etherC
20、H3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether,8.1 醚,取代命名法 1-Isopropoxypropane sec-Butoxyethylene,34,8.2 环氧化合物,1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 或2,3-epoxychloropropane 2-methyl-1,3-epoxypentane 或 1,3-epoxy-2-methylpentane,35,9.1 醛,Ethanal3-Vinyl-2-hepten-6-ynal,单去，多不去 取代法不去,36,取代甲醛法 = Cyclic alkane-carbaldehyde,1,2,4-Butanetr
21、icarbaldehyde 或 3-Formylhexanedial,BenzenecarbaldehydeBenzaldehyde(俗名),37,9.2 酮,1,4-Cyclohexanedione,单去，多不去,38,根基命名法,Isobutyl methyl ketone 或 4-Methyl-2-pentanone Propyl vinyl ketone 或 1-hexen-3-one,39,p-Benzoquinone 2,5-Cyclohexadien-1,4-dione,9.3 醌,9.4 缩醛,Acetaldehyde methyl acetal 1-Methoxyethano
22、lCyclohexanone ethyl methyl acetal 1-Ethoxy-1-methoxycyclohexane,40,9.5 肟,Benzaldehyde oxime 2-Pentanone oxime(benzylidene)azanol (1-Methylbutylidene)azanolCyclohexanone oxime,azanol,: 羟胺,41,10.1 羧酸,HCOOH Methanoic acid,单去，多不去 取代法不去,42,4-Methylbenzenecarboxylic acid Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid,取代甲酸法,
23、43,10.2 酰基,单去，多不去 ，取代法不去(e),取代甲酰法,44,Some exception,45,.,46,Acyl halide = Alkan-oyl + halideor Alkane-carbonyl + halide,10.3 酰卤,(卤化酰基),47,10.4 酰胺,3-Butenamide,单去，多不去 ，取代法不去(e),1,2-Benzenedicarboxamide,N-Phenylethanamide N,N-Dimethylformamide,Cyclohexanecarboxamide,取代甲酰胺,48,内酰胺,酰亚胺,1,2-Cyclohexanedic
24、arboximide N-Methyl-1,2-benzenedicarboximide,4-Butanelactam,49,Lithium propanoate Disodium butanedioate Ammonium hydrogen hexanedioate,10.5 盐,取代甲酸根,单去，多不去 ，取代法不去(e),50,10.6 酯,Methyl butanoate2-Chloroethyl chloroacetate,Methyl hydrogen hexanedioate,Ethylene diacetate,p-Phenylene acetate chloroacetate
25、,单去，多不去 ，取代法不去(e),51,5-Pentanolide 5-Chloro-4-hexanolide,内酯,取代甲酸根(羧酸根),52,10.7 酸酐,Benzoic propanoic anhydride ClCH2COOCOCH3 Acetic chloroacetic anhydride,Propanoic anhydride,1,2-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride,53,11.1 硝基和亚硝基硝基（nitro）和亚硝基（nitroso）,54,11.2 胺和亚胺,55,亚胺（imine）,季胺,ammonium(铵),56,11.3 脒、
26、胍、脲,HC(=NH)NH2表示脒(amidine)，H2N-C(=NH)NH2表示胍(guanidine)，H2N-C(=O)NH2表示脲(urea)。脒amidine，或carboxamidine，作为取代基时amidino。胍编号=NH为 2，两个NH2分别编为1和3，作为取代基时guanidino。脲碳原子编为2，两个NH2分别编为1和3，作为取代基时ureido。,57,58,11.4 腈和异腈,腈 -nitrile，或-carbonitrile，取代基cyano。 异腈 isocyanide,取代基isocyano。,不去e,59,11.5 偶氮、叠氮和重氮,1）偶氮基-N=N-（
27、azo-compound）,2）叠氮（azide）取代基(azido),60,3）重氮基-N=N-（只有一端与芳烃基相连，或=NN与二价烃基相连R-N=NX (X=OH、CN等) 和C=N2 ）。前者英文名将“diazo”和X的基名作为词尾放在烃名后。后者是将“重氮”作为词头放在母体名称之前。,61,12 杂环,吡咯 pyrrole呋喃 furan噻吩 thiophene吡啶 pyridine喹啉 quinoline异喹啉 isoquinoline吲哚 indole,62,一些作词头的常见官能团,主要官能团作词头和词尾时的应用名称,63,64,65,66,1.单官能团去e；多官能团不去；取代法不去醇，酚，醛，酮，羧酸，羧酸盐酰基，酰卤，酰胺，酯 2.单官能团不加a；多官能团加a烯，炔，烯炔中的烯。 3.不去e硫醇，硫酚，腈,
