1、名词和冠词,名词在高考中占有重要地位，各省市试卷几乎都涉及到对名词的考查。涉及的内容主要有：名词的可数与不可数问题、抽象名词具体化、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。,高考考查内容定位,冠词也是高考英语的常考点，主要考查考生对冠词的基本用法的理解和掌握情况，冠词包括定冠词（the）、不定冠词(a/an)和零冠词。此外，还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。,冠词与名词有三种表现形式：即定冠词与单数可数名词可表示类指；不定冠词与单数可数名词也可表示类指；零冠词与可数名词的复数表示类指。,普通名词,专有名词: English, the United Nations, Zh
2、ongshan Park,个体名词：tree, city, teacher,集体名词：class, family, society,物质名词：paper, bread, light,抽象名词：truth, health, music ,nature, space ,love,beauty,名 词,抽象名词主要指一些抽象概念的名称，它们一般是不可数的，没有复数形式,表示无法分为个体的实物,表示若干个体组成的集合体,1.可数名词的单复数 （1）可数名词复数形式的基本变化：,名词的数主要包括名词的可数或不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。,( 2 ) 不可数名词的单复数,（一
3、）名词的单复数,1. 可数名词的复数形式： desk- class- factory- hero- photo- leaf- knife- roof- chief-,desks,classes,factories,heroes,photos,leaves,knives,roofs,chiefs,2. 写出下面名词的复数: foot- woman- tooth- a sheep - two _ a deer - two_ an aircraft- three _ a Chinese- many _ a Frenchman- two _ a German- five_looker-on- _ fa
4、ther-in-law -_grown up -,feet,women,teeth,sheep,deer,aircraft,Chinese,Frenchmen,Germans,lookers-on,fathers-in -law,grown-ups,合成名词，在中心名词后面加-s,如果没有中心名词，在后面加-s.,旁观者；岳父；成熟的,（2）不可数名词一般没有复数形式，若计量时通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词+of +不可数名词”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to ma
5、ke three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做：去买一碗米饭，去沏三杯茶。,经典考题He gained his_ by printing _of famous writers. A. wealth; work B. wealths; works C. wealths; work D. wealth; works,解析D 考查名词的单复数。wealth表示财富，是不可数名词；works作工厂、作品讲时，单、复数相同。而work意为“工作”，是不可数名词。,1.抽象名词具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词。 （1）表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用a/an+抽象名词；a/an+adj.
6、+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如： A pity/pleasure/surprise/success等； A bright future, a strong character, a great help等,（二）抽象名词的具体化与冠词,（2）状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。 如： take a look/have a sleep/have a life/die a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。,（3）表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、
7、情绪的人和事等。 She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.,经典考题It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. (2005北京卷) 不填；不填 B. 不填；a C. the；不填 D. the ；a,解析 B 根据句意：（人们）常说老师过着简朴的生活。抽象名词life在此处明显被具体化了，因此，第二空与前后构成have a very easy life过着简朴的生活。第一空为名词的复数表示的类指。,2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如： A
8、 happy life, a good education 注意：抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge。,解析 B 抽象名词ability被后置定语to get on well with _others 修饰，故抽象名词ability须具体化表特指即在其前加the 。而下文的others 强调泛指。第一空其实也是泛指“一个大家庭”。,经典考题 If you grow up in _large family ,you are more likely to develop_ ability to get on we
9、ll with_ others.(2005江西卷) A./;an ; the B. a ;the ; /C. the ;an ;the D. a ;the ;the,（三）名词作定语,经典考题The _is just around the corner and you wont miss it. (2001上海卷) A. bicycles shop B. bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D. bicycle shop,解析 B 考查名词作定语。在此bicycle是起修饰作用的名词，不表示所有关系而表示类别，且名词作定语须用单数形式，故bicycle shop正确。,
10、经典考题 The little boy asked her grandpa to buy him a nice pair of _,so the grandpa went some_ stores. A. shoes; shoes B. shoes; shoe C. shoe; shoes D. shoe; shoe,解析 B 多点考查题即名词的单复数及名词作定语的用法。第一空的名词被a pair of 修饰，表示 “一双“，强调复数，故选shoes,由此，可判断正确选项在A、B中。而第二空由于受some干扰，考生会误选A。其实，名词作定语须用单数形式，some修饰的中心词是stores。,（
11、四）名词所有格：,(1).s型所有格，主要用于生物名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格，如：todays newspaper;如果已是复数形式结尾的名词，则在其后加“”。,(2).of 短语型所有格，主要用于无生命名词的所属关系，有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。,(3). 双重所有格：of+名词s所有格 即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this, that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修饰时，可用“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”,T
12、his is a picture of his grandfathers(pictures).,这是他爷爷照片中的一张。,强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张，属双重所有格。,经典考题_car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it . A. Toms and Jims B. Toms and Jim C. Tom and Jims D. Tom and Jim,解析C 考查所有格。由下文的they knew how to fix it 可知：两人都在车上，因此，为他们共有。而Toms and Jims即Toms c
13、ar and Jims car则表明两人分别拥有的两辆车。故选Tom and Jins。,经典考题 My grandfather used to be a general in the famous army. Look! Here are_. A. some pictures of his B. some pictures of him C. some his pictures D. his some of pictures,解析A 考查双重所有格。根据双重所有格“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”原则可知此空应该是some pictures of his(pictures),此句句意为：这
14、是他照片中的一些（照片）。,经典考题 The railway station is _from our school. A. two hours drive B. two hours drive C. two hour drive D. two hours drive,解析 B 考查复数形式的所有格。复数形式的所有格只在S后加“”。,经典考题His family _in Shanghai and his family _all music-lovers. A. live; is B. lives; is C. live; are D. lives; are,解析D 考查特殊类群体名词与谓语的关
15、系。第一个His family强调群体，故谓语动词须用单数；第二个his family强调每个成员，故谓语动词须用复数。因此，正确选项为D。,(五)集合名词与谓语,某些集体名词，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看，谓语动词用单数；如果作为一个个成员讲，谓语动词用复数。如： His family has moved to a new flat.他一家已搬到新房了。 His whole family are watching
16、TV now.他一家人正在看电视。,经典考题Many cattle your father is raising now_ kept on the farm. A. is B. was C. are D. were,解析C而cattle是被看作复数概念的集体名词，谓语动词须用复数。故选C。,某些集体名词，如：people, police, cattle等，只有复数形式，谓语动词须用复数。如：The police are searching for him.警察们正在搜寻他。 但people作民族讲时，用作单数。如： The Chinese people is a great people.中华
17、民族是一个伟大的民族。,There _ a lot of sugar in the jar.( be) Not only the planets but also the earth _ round the sun. (move) His family _a happy one. (be) I dont think the news you told me_ true. (be) They had a wonderful time in the _Palace of Culture on May the 1st.(Workers,workerss, Workers) On the wall o
18、f the music hall, there_ (be) a portrait_. (of Beethoven, of Beethovens ) A population of 970 million _ quite a feeding and housing problem. (are, is ,will be),冠词考点,一。基础知识记忆 1.单数可数名词绝不对单独使用，其前不是加冠词a/an/the或者ones,就必须将名词的单数形式改为复数形式。 2.表泛指意义的复数名词或者不可数名词（物质名词或抽象名词）前面千万不要添加任何冠词。 3.固定短语中有无冠词，要分得清清楚楚，明明白白。
19、,二：定冠词的使用,1.世界上独一无二的天体，河流，海洋，湖泊，山川等与地理有关。,the Changjiang River the East Lake,2.the same,3.序数词和最高级前面。,4.By far(得多)前置修饰比较级时,Eg.This book is by far the better than that one.,This book is better by far than that one.,5.强调两者之间的比较且作主语和定语。,Which is the bigger country, Canada or Australia?,6.表示“越越”意义时 The s
20、ooner , the better.,7.句型：“动作动词+sb+介词+the+具体身体部位名词”结构中。,Bob hit John on the head.,8.介词by后表示“按计算”与度量单位具体表时间，长度，体积，面积等。,by the hour / by the yard/ by the metre,9.与某些形容词表示一类人。,the rich/young,10.乐器名词前。,I like playing the guitar and my sister likes playing the piano.,11.方位，方向名词前。,in the east/on the west/o
21、n the left,12.再词指代上文中已提过的名词。,I bought a pen yesterday. The pen writes well.,13.双方心中都知晓，明白的名词前。,Pass me the book ,please.,14.与表示国家或者名词的形容词连用，指代该全体人民。,The Chinese love peace.,15.用在姓氏复数之前表示全家人或者夫妇两。,the Smiths/Browns,16.与单数可数名词连用，表类别。,The horse is a useful animal.,17.与农历有关的节日名词前（即与festival连用）,但以day组成的节
22、日前不加定冠词。,the Spring Festival Christmas Day,18.定冠词用在表事物的单数名词前。,Who invented the telephone?,不定冠词a/an的基本用法,1.不定冠词用来表示“一”这个数量，意思和one差不多。,I have a watch.,2.不定冠词也可用来表示“某一个”，相当于some,“一个”,A student in the classroom is singing.,3.不定冠词可以和名词一起来代表一类人和东西。,A teacher must love his students.,4.不定冠词表示单位，有“每一”，用于速度价格
23、等。,He can walk 100 kilometres a day.,5.不定冠词用于首次提到的对话一定不知道的人或物。,There is a man standing in the river.,6.一些表示重量，长度，时间等的词组中，不定冠词使用普遍。,a pair of shoes a week,7.用于某些固定词组。,a few a little a lot,8. “a most+形容词”表示“很”，most句中有比较的概念，相当于“very” 比较“the most+形容词”表示“最”,a most important thing,the most important thing
24、,9.当breakfast,lunch,supper前面出现形容词表示一顿一次等意思时，要加a.,He is very fat and often has a big supper.,10.a second time 又一次a third time 再一次（第三次）,三：零冠词用法,2.季节，月份，星期，假期，节日，一日三餐前一般不加冠词。,Spring is the best season of the year.,3.学科名称，球类，棋类名称前不加冠词。,I like playing football.,She likes studying math.,4.表示泛指的复数名词前不加任何冠词
25、。,They are students.,1.专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名，头衔，职务前一般不加冠词。,Liming ,China,by car, by bike, by train,但take a bus, in a boat, on the bike,5在与by连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词。,6.语言的名词前不加冠词。,Chinese, French,7.某些固定词组，习惯用法构成中，不用冠词。,成对使用的词组husband and wife, hand in hand,介词词组at school, at night/soon/midnight,Attention, please!,
26、定冠词的有无含义,in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里 go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边 on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上 at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁 by sea乘船/by the sea在海边,in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来 go to school(church)上学(做礼拜)/go to the school(church)到学校(教堂)去 out of question毫无疑问 out of the question不可能的，办不到的 ne
27、xt year明年/the next year 第二年 a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人 a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人),经典考题When he left_ college, he got a job as _reporter in a newspaper office.(2004天津卷) A .不填；a B.不填； the C. a; the D. the ;the,解析 A 本题考查定冠词的有无含义不同以及不定冠词的用法区别。第一空有无定冠词含义不同，即leave the school/college离开这所学校/院校
28、；leave school/college 毕业、退学、离校。后一空填不定冠词，表示类别或身份，不是特指。,经典考题 Her husband was put into_ prison, and she has to go to _prison once a month to visit him. a ;the B. the ;the C.不填；不填 D.不填；the,解析D 此题考查冠词的有无意义不同的词组，即put sb .into prison坐牢，go to the prison去监狱。,经典考题 This book tells_ life story of John Smith, who left_ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.(2005辽宁卷) the ;the B. a ;the C. the ;不填 D. a ;不填,解析C 考查定冠词的有无含义不同与特指的用法。第一空为特指，强调John Smith的生活故事。第二空仍考查leave the school与leave school的区别。前者强调离开后可能会再来，后者强调不再回来：与学校说再见。故根据句意leave school符合此题语境。,
